17,394
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 13:
Line 13: − + Line 62:
Line 62: − + − + − * Eslinger, Ellen. ''Citizens of Zion: The Social Origins of Camp Meeting Revivalism.'' (1999). 306pp. Line 77:
Line 76: − * Kellison, Kimberly R. "Citizens of Zion: The Social Origins of Camp Meeting Revivalism," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 66, 2000 [http://www.questia.com/read/5002365079?title=Citizens%20of%20Zion%3a%20The%20Social%20Origins%20of%20Camp%20Meeting%20Revivalism online edition]
Second Great Awakening (view source)
Revision as of 04:08, September 12, 2008
, 04:08, September 12, 2008Eslinger quote
The great Cane Ridge revival in 1801 in frontier Kentucky set the pattern for western revivals, which more closely resembled the [[First Great Awakening|First Great Awakening]] in New England; the use of camp meetings was inspired by revivals in Scotland. The camp meeting was a two-day (or longer) event, half religious and half social as it brought together settlers scattered over a wide area. Teams of preachers rotated in a continuous stream of sermons, as oxen were roasted and old friends and new mingled.
The great Cane Ridge revival in 1801 in frontier Kentucky set the pattern for western revivals, which more closely resembled the [[First Great Awakening|First Great Awakening]] in New England; the use of camp meetings was inspired by revivals in Scotland. The camp meeting was a two-day (or longer) event, half religious and half social as it brought together settlers scattered over a wide area. Teams of preachers rotated in a continuous stream of sermons, as oxen were roasted and old friends and new mingled.
The converts joined small local congregations which eventually might build a log-cabin building as a church; more often services were held in fields or private homes. Cane Ridge and some other western revivals was multi-denominational, and included Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist and Restorationist or Campbellite preachers (who later formed the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ denominations).
The converts joined small local congregations which eventually might build a log-cabin building as a church; more often services were held in fields or private homes. Cane Ridge and some other western revivals was multi-denominational, and included Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist and Restorationist or Campbellite preachers (who later formed the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ denominations). The result was less isolation and individualism, and a greater sense of group identity through the local church. Later revivals took on much more of an Arminian emphasis that everyone can be saved, but during the initial Kentucky camp meetings Calvinism and predestination still dominated religious beliefs. Eslinger argues that the most important function of the early camp meeting was not that it offered people a form of worship more reflective of the emerging liberal culture, but rather that it "enabled great masses of people to more comfortably relate to that new culture."<ref> Ellen Eslinger, ''Citizens of Zion: The Social Origins of Camp Meeting Revivalism'' (1999), p. xx1</ref>
The western revival quickly Christianized large parts of Kentucky, Tennessee and southern Ohio and Indiana. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The efficient Methodists had a method (hence their name), which used itinerant [[circuit riders]] assigned to a territory by the bishop. He rode circuit to different locations recruiting and ministering on a regular schedule. Baptists used local preachers who their neighbors could see as having a special “call” from God.
The western revival quickly Christianized large parts of Kentucky, Tennessee and southern Ohio and Indiana. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. The efficient Methodists had a method (hence their name), which used itinerant [[circuit riders]] assigned to a territory by the bishop. He rode circuit to different locations recruiting and ministering on a regular schedule. Baptists used local preachers who their neighbors could see as having a special “call” from God.
* Carwardine, Richard J. ''Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America.'' (1993).
* Carwardine, Richard J. ''Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America.'' (1993).
* Carwardine, Richard J. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures,'" ''Journal of American History'' 59 (1972): 327-340. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(197209)59%3A2%3C327%3ATSGAIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Carwardine, Richard J. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures,'" ''Journal of American History'' 59 (1972): 327-340. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(197209)59%3A2%3C327%3ATSGAIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Cayton, Mary Kupiec. “The Expanding World of Jacob Norton: Reading, Revivalism, and the Construction of a "Second Great Awakening" in New England, 1787-1804,”
* Cayton, Mary Kupiec. "The Expanding World of Jacob Norton: Reading, Revivalism, and the Construction of a "Second Great Awakening" in New England, 1787-1804," ''Journal of the Early Republic,'' Volume 26, Number 2, Summer 2006, pp. 221-248 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_early_republic/v026/26.2cayton.html in Project Muse]
Journal of the Early Republic, Volume 26, Number 2, Summer 2006, pp. 221-248 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_early_republic/v026/26.2cayton.html in Project Muse]
* Conforti, Joseph A. '' Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture'' U. of North Carolina Press. 1995. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35958357 online edition]
* Conforti, Joseph A. '' Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture'' U. of North Carolina Press. 1995. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35958357 online edition]
* Cross, Whitney, R. ''The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850'' 1950.
* Cross, Whitney, R. ''The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850'' 1950.
* Eslinger, Ellen. ''Citizens of Zion: The Social Origins of Camp Meeting Revivalism.'' (1999). 306pp.
* Foster, Charles I. ''An Errand of Mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790–1837'' University of North Carolina Press, 1960.
* Foster, Charles I. ''An Errand of Mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790–1837'' University of North Carolina Press, 1960.
* Foster, Douglas A. et al, eds. ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0802838987/ref=sib_dp_bod_fc/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Foster, Douglas A. et al, eds. ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0802838987/ref=sib_dp_bod_fc/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Griffin, Clifford S. "Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815-1860," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 44, No. 3. (Dec., 1957), pp. 423-444. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28195712%2944%3A3%3C423%3ARBASC1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Griffin, Clifford S. "Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815-1860," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 44, No. 3. (Dec., 1957), pp. 423-444. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28195712%2944%3A3%3C423%3ARBASC1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Guelzo, Allen C. "An Heir or a Rebel? Charles Grandison Finney and the New England Theology." ''Journal of the Early Republic]] 1997 17(1): 61-94. Issn: 0275-1275 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0275-1275(199721)17%3A1%3C61%3AAHOARC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S online in Jstor]
* Guelzo, Allen C. "An Heir or a Rebel? Charles Grandison Finney and the New England Theology." ''Journal of the Early Republic]] 1997 17(1): 61-94. Issn: 0275-1275 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0275-1275(199721)17%3A1%3C61%3AAHOARC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S online in Jstor]
* Hambrick-Stowe, Charles. ''Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism.'' Wm B. Eerdmans, 1996.
* Hambrick-Stowe, Charles. ''Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism.'' Wm B. Eerdmans, 1996.
* Keller, Charles Roy. ''The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut,'' (1942)
* Keller, Charles Roy. ''The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut,'' (1942)
* Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America'' (3 vol 2006) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0253346851/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America'' (3 vol 2006) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0253346851/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Long, Kimberly Bracken. "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier." ''Journal of Presbyterian History'' 2002 80(1): 3-16. Issn: 0022-3883
* Long, Kimberly Bracken. "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier." ''Journal of Presbyterian History'' 2002 80(1): 3-16. Issn: 0022-3883
* Loveland Anne C. ''Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order, 1800-1860.'' 1980
* Loveland Anne C. ''Southern Evangelicals and the Social Order, 1800-1860.'' 1980