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Line 1: − + + − Prior to serving on the Court, Warren was a prosecutor and politician. As governor of [[California]], Warren had supervised the [[World War II]] Japanese internments discussed in the famous ''[[Korematsu v. U.S.]]'' case. In 1948, Warren was the [[Republican]] [[Vice President]]ial nominee. President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] appointed Warren to the [[Supreme Court]] as a political favor in recognition of Warren’s support at the 1952 Republican convention and his stature in the GOP. Years later Eisenhower stated that he regretted ever appointing Earl Warren. [http://www.popmatters.com/pm/books/reviews/7733/justice-for-all-earl-warren-and-the-nation-he-made-by-jim-newton/]+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Line 19:
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add many new details and bibliog
'''Earl Warren,''' (1891-1974) was an [[United States|American]] judge, best known for his role as Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court]] from 1953 to 1969.
'''Earl Warren,''' (1891-1974) was an [[United States|American]] stateman and judge, best known for his role as Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court]] from 1953 to 1969. He was a liberal Republican, serving as governor of California, 1943-53, and as the GOP nominee fgor Vice President in 1948. He was one of the most influential Chief Justices, providing a liberal interprtetation of the Constitution that led to desegreagtion of all public schools, reapportionment on the bases of one-person one vote, ending of school-sanctioned prayers, and liberalization the criminal laws to protect the accused. He made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency especially through four landmark decisions: "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), "Gideon v. Wainwright" (1963), "Reynolds v. Sims" (1964), and "Miranda v. Arizona" (1966).
==Early Professional Life==
==Early Professional Life==
Warren was born in Los Angeles, the son of Methias H. ("Matt") Warren, a railroad worker, and Christine Hernlund. After Matt was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the family moved to Bakersfield, California, in 1894, where the father worked in a railroad repair yard, and the son had summer jobs in railroading. Warren always recalled how big corporations could dominate the lives of their employees and how powerless minority members were when faced with discrimination. He was strongly influenced by the reform currents of the [[Progressive Era]] to oppose corruption and promote democracy.
Warren graduated from Kern County High School and then attended college and law school at the University of California at Berkeley, earning a B.L. in 1912 and a LL.B. in 1914. He worked for a law firm before serving briefly in the army in 1918. He built his career at the Alameda County district attorney's office 1920-38. In 1926 he was elected to the first of three terms as district attorney. In 1925, he married Nina Palmquist Meyers, a widow with a young son. Warren adopted him, and the couple had five more children.
Shortly after taking office, irregularities were uncovered in the city of Oakland, the largest city in Alameda county. Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements.
Warren soon gained a statewide reputation as a tough, no-nonsense district attorney who fought corruption in government; a 1931 survey voted listed him as the best district attorney in the country. He ran his office in a nonpartisan manner and strongly supported the autonomy of law enforcement agencies. But he also believed that police and prosecutors had to act fairly, and much of what would later lie at the heart of the Warren Court's revolution in criminal justice can be traced back to his days as an active prosecuting attorney.
==State office==
In 1938, Warren ran successfully for the California attorney generalship. He expanded the office, and built greater cooperation among various law enforcement agencies. By 1942, Warren was one of the most popular officials in California, and he ran for and was elected governor on the Republican ticket. He was reelected in 1946 and 1950.
As governor Warren modernized the office of governor, and state government generally.
Like all [[Progressive Era|progressives]], Warren believed in [[Effiicency Movement|efficiency]] and planning. During World War II he aggressively pursued postwar economic planning. Fearing another postwar decline that would rival the depression years, Governor Earl Warren initiated public works projects similar to those of the [[New Deal]] to capitalize on wartime tax surpluses and provide jobs for returning veterans. Warren also built up the state's higher education system based on the University of California and its vast network of small universities and community colleges.<ref> John Aubrey Douglass, "Earl Warren's New Deal: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California." ''Journal of Policy History'' 2000 12(4): 473-512 </ref> For example, his support of the Collier-Burns Act in 1947 raised gasoline taxes that funded a massive program of freeway construction. Unlike states where tolls or bonds funded highway construction, California's gasoline taxes were earmarked for building the system. Warren's support for the bill was crucial because his status as a popular governor strengthened his views, in contrast with opposition from trucking, oil, and gas lobbyists. The Collier-Burns Act helped influence passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act in 1956, setting a pattern for national highway construction.<ref> Daniel J. B. Mitchell, “Earl Warren's Fight for California's Freeways: Setting a Path for the Nation.” ''Southern California Quarterly'' 2006 88(2): 205-238 34p.</ref>
Like all state, local and national officials in California, he supported the relocation of everyone of Japanese descent in 1942-44. For many years Warren defended the action, maintaining that it seemed the right and necessary thing to do at the time; in his memoirs, published after his death, he finally acknowledged that relocation had been an error.
Success as governor of a major state made Warren a national figure. In he was selected by New York Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] as vice presidential candidate. The GOP ticket was defeated by Truman, to the astonishment of virtually all observers and pollsters, who had predicted Truman's defeat. In 1952 he was California's favorite son candidate for president, but had to head off a revolt by Senator [[Richard M. Nixon]] who supported Eisenhower. Eisenhower and Nixon were elected, and the bad blood between Warren and Nixon was apparent.
Eisenhower offered, and Warren had accepted, the post of solicitor general, with the promise of a seat on the Supreme Court. But before it was announced Chief Justice Fred Vinson unexpectedly died in September 1953 and Eisenhower picked Warren to replace him.
==Chief Justice==
===Brown v. Board of Education===
===Brown v. Board of Education===
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
Brest, Levinson, et al, "Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases & Materials, 5th Ed.," pp 898-950.
==Bibliography==
* Belknap, Michael, ''The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953-1969'' (2005), 406pp [http://www.amazon.com/Supreme-Court-Warren-1953-1969-Justiceships/dp/1570035636/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Brest, Levinson, et al. ''Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases & Materials,'' 5th Ed., pp 898-950.
* Cray, Ed. ''Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren'' (1997), the most comprehensive biography; highly favorable; strong on politics [http://www.amazon.com/Chief-Justice-Biography-Earl-Warren/dp/0684808528/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Horwitz, Morton J. ''The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-Pursuit-Justice/dp/0809016257/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Lewis, Anthony. "Earl Warren" in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds. ''The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Volume: 4.'' (1997) pp 1373-1400; includes all members of the Warren Court. [http://www.questia.com/read/99223171?title=The%20Justices%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%3a%20Their%20Lives%20and%20Major%20Opinions%20-%20Vol.%204 online edition]
* Newton, Jim. ''Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made'' (2006), solid biography by journalist [http://www.amazon.com/Justice-All-Earl-Warren-Nation/dp/B000R7O2W8/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214941025&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Patterson, James T. '' Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/111458889?title=Brown%20v.%20Board%20of%20Education%3a%20A%20Civil%20Rights%20Milestone%20and%20Its%20Troubled%20Legacy online edition]
* Powe, Lucas A.. ''The Warren Court and American Politics'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-American-Politics/dp/0674006836/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948973&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Scheiber, Harry N. ''Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law'' (2006)
* Schwartz, Bernard. ''The Warren Court: A Retrospective'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/Warren-Court-Retrospective-Bernard-Schwartz/dp/0195104390/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-8 excerpt and text search]
* Schwartz, Bernard. "Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action." ''Journal of Supreme Court History'' 1998 (1): 112-132
* Tushnet, Mark. ''The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective'' (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Political-Perspective-Constitutionalism-Democracy/dp/0813916658/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1214948731&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* White, G. Edward. ''Earl Warren'' (1982), by leading scholar
===Primary Sources===
* Time Magazine. "The Chief," [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844127,00.html ''Time'' Nov. 17, 1967]
* Warren, Earl. ''The Memoirs of Earl Warren'' (1977), goes only to 1954
* Warren, Earl. ''The Public Papers of Chief Justice Earl Warren'', ed. by Henry M. Christman; (1959), speeches and decisions, 1946-1958 [http://www.questia.com/read/6131221?title=The%20Public%20Papers%20of%20Chief%20Justice%20Earl%20Warren online edition].
* Rawls, James J. "The Earl Warren Oral History Project: an Appraisal." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 1987 56(1): 87-97. Begun during the 1960s by the Bancroft Library's Regional Oral History Office, the collection includes more than 50 volumes of interviews recorded and transcribed during 1971-81, totaling about 12,000 pages.
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[[category:United States Supreme Court Justices]] [[Category:United States Chief Justices]]
[[category:United States Supreme Court Justices]] [[Category:United States Chief Justices]]