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==George Washington's Presidency==

==George Washington's Presidency==

[[George Washington]] was so popular and respected that he probably could have become king.  He was in his fifties, about the age of our President Bush.  Even if Washington did not become king, he could have ruled as president for the rest of his life.  But his greatness was, like Jesus, to decline power that was available to him in order to advance a greater good.  Washington was inaugurated as president in 1789 and voluntarily gave up power in 1797 at the age of 65 - seven years younger than presidential candidate John McCain. He set an unwritten tradition that was followed by every president until Franklin Roosevelt. The two-term tradition was ultimately enshrined in the Constitution as an amendment in 1951<ref>http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html</ref>

[[George Washington]] was so popular and respected that he probably could have become king.  He was in his fifties, about the age of the current President Bush.  Even if Washington did not become king, he could have ruled as president for the rest of his life.  But his greatness was, like Jesus, to decline power that was available to him in order to advance a greater good.  Washington was inaugurated as president in 1789 and voluntarily gave up power in 1797 at the age of 65 - seven years younger than the current presidential candidate John McCain. Washington set an unwritten tradition of a maximum of two terms for presidents, which was followed by every president until Franklin Roosevelt. After Roosevelt broke the rule by being elected four times to president, the two-term tradition was enshrined in the Constitution as an amendment in 1951.<ref>http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html</ref>

An example of Washington’s greatness was his handling of "Citizen" Edmond Genet (pronounced zhe – nay), who was sent by France to the United States just after the French Revolution.  France felt that the United States owed it assistance after how France provided so much help to Americans to win the Revolutionary War.  But Washington wanted to stay out of foreign conflicts.  Ignoring Washington's wishes, Genet went around America stirring up pro-French sentiment with impassioned speeches.  Genet even sent out private American citizens to attack British shipping (called "privateers," but acting like pirates).  Washington told Genet to stop this, but he refused.  Washington told France to recall him.  But the French Revolution had grown out of hand, with senseless violence and executions.  "Citizen Genet," as he was known, reasonably feared the guillotine if he returned to France.  He then begged Washington to grant him asylum in this country.  Despite Washington's obvious and justified irritation, he granted Genet's wishes.  Genet later married the daughter of the governor of New York, and became a normal farmer.

An example of Washington's greatness was his handling of "Citizen" Edmond Genet (pronounced zhe – nay), who was sent by France to the United States just after the French Revolution.  France felt that the United States owed it assistance after how France provided so much help to Americans to win the Revolutionary War.  But Washington wanted to stay out of foreign conflicts.  Ignoring Washington's wishes, Genet went around America stirring up pro-French sentiment with impassioned speeches.  Genet even sent out private American citizens to attack British shipping (called "privateers," but acting like pirates).  Washington told Genet to stop this, but he refused.  Washington told France to recall him.  But the French Revolution had grown out of hand, with senseless violence and executions.  "Citizen Genet," as he was known, reasonably feared the guillotine if he returned to France.  He then begged Washington to grant him asylum in this country.  Despite Washington's enormous and justified irritation, he granted Genet's wishes.  Genet later married the daughter of the governor of New York, and became an ordinary farmer!

Another example of George Washington's greatness was his handling of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.  Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested a 7-cent per gallon tax on corn whiskey.  These farmers refused to pay the tax, retaliated against farmers who did pay it, and even attacked U.S. marshals and revenue agents.  Washington told the Pennsylvania governor to end the rebellion, but he refused.  Washington himself then raised an army from neighboring states and personally risked his own life to ride out as the soldiers' leader to quell the rebellion.  The farmers gave up without bloodshed.  Several were caught, tried and convicted for their rebellion.  What did Washington do?  He pardoned them.  The successful suppression of this rebellion established the power of the federal government in the eyes of the people, and let people know that they should not challenge the President of the United States.

Another example of George Washington's greatness was his handling of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.  Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested a 7-cent per gallon tax on corn whiskey.  These farmers refused to pay the tax, retaliated against farmers who did pay it, and even attacked U.S. marshals and revenue agents.  Washington told the Pennsylvania governor to end the rebellion, but he refused.  Washington himself then raised an army from neighboring states and personally risked his own life to ride out as the soldiers' leader to quell the rebellion.  The farmers gave up without bloodshed.  Several were caught, tried and convicted for their rebellion.  What did Washington do next?  He pardoned them.  The successful suppression of this rebellion established the power of the federal government in the eyes of the people, and let people know that they should not challenge the President of the United States.

The first major legislative accomplishment of the "Washington Administration" (the name given to the government under a president) was the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established federal court system.  (Later, in the first major ruling of the Supreme Court in 1803, the Court declared a small portion of this Act unconstitutional in ''Marbury v. Madison''.)

The first major legislative accomplishment of the "Washington Administration" (the name given to the government under a particular president) was the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established federal court system.  (Later, in the first major ruling of the Supreme Court in 1803, the Court declared a small portion of this Act unconstitutional in ''Marbury v. Madison''.)

In 1790, George Washington's top aide and the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, gave a report on public credit to Congress.  Hamilton urged Congress to create a national bank run by a private board of directors.  Thomas Jefferson, who was a rival of Hamilton, opposed establishing a national bank, arguing that it was not authorized by the Constitution.  But Hamilton persuaded Washington based on the "necessary and proper" clause (implied powers) of the Constitution.  Accordingly, in 1791 Hamilton was successful in persuading Congress to establish the First Bank of the United States, pursuant to the Bank Act.

In 1790, George Washington's top aide and the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, gave a report on public credit to Congress.  Hamilton urged Congress to create a national bank run by a private board of directors.  Thomas Jefferson, who was a rival of Hamilton, opposed establishing a national bank, arguing that it was not authorized by the Constitution.  But Hamilton persuaded Washington based on the "necessary and proper" clause<ref>U.S. Const., Article One, section 8, clause 18:  "The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be '''necessary and proper''' for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."</ref> (implied powers) of the Constitution.  Accordingly, in 1791 Hamilton was successful in persuading Congress to establish the First Bank of the United States, pursuant to the Bank Act.

Hamilton had other achievements with Washington's support.  In the "compromise of 1790," Hamilton arranged for the South to agree to the federal assumption of state debts in exchange for the North agreeing to a southern location for the new capital (the District of Columbia).  In 1791, Hamilton laid out a plan for government encouragement of industry.  But this plan was not as successful as Hamilton's other efforts.

Hamilton had other achievements with Washington's support.  In the "compromise of 1790," Hamilton arranged for the South to agree to the federal assumption of state debts in exchange for the North agreeing to a southern location for the new capital (the District of Columbia).  In 1791, Hamilton laid out a plan for government encouragement of industry.  But this plan was not as successful as Hamilton's other efforts.

which established the neutrality of the United States in the French Revolution, despite our alliance with France.  This was consistent with Washington's view that the United States should not entangle itself in foreign matters.   

which established the neutrality of the United States in the French Revolution, despite our alliance with France.  This was consistent with Washington's view that the United States should not entangle itself in foreign matters.   

In 1794 and 1795, President Washington averted a second war with Britain over conflicts in the Northwest and shipping.  Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay (one of the three authors of the Federalist papers) persuaded the British to leave the Northwest posts, but Jay accepted continuing humiliation of the United States by British naval supremacy.  This weak treaty ("Jay's Treaty") angered many Americans.

In 1794 and 1795, President Washington averted a second war with Britain over conflicts concerning shipping and the Northwest Territory.  Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay (one of the three authors of the Federalist papers) persuaded the British to leave the Northwest posts, but Jay accepted continuing humiliation of United States shipping due to British naval supremacy.  This weak treaty ("Jay's Treaty") angered many Americans.

There were also conflicts between Congress and the President.  Due to the American outrage, Congress demanded that President Washington provide papers relating to Jay's Treaty so everyone could see how this happened.  But Washington refused, and established the principle of "Executive Privilege" of President: the President does not take orders from Congress and does not have to produce executive-type documents to it.  Being George Washington and having suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, no one was going to challenge him on this!

There were also conflicts between Congress and the President.  Due to the American outrage, Congress demanded that President Washington provide papers relating to Jay's Treaty so everyone could see how this happened.  But Washington refused, and established the principle of "Executive Privilege" of President: the President does not take orders from Congress and does not have to produce executive-type documents to it.  Being George Washington and having suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, he was not going to be challenged by anyone now!

'''Debate:  Should the President be required to turn documents over to Congress?'''

'''Debate:  Should the President be required to turn documents over to Congress?'''

Several other important things happened during the presidency (the Administration) of George Washington.  The Bill of Rights passed in 1791 to limit the federal government.  The rivalry grew between [[Alexander Hamilton]], who favored a strong national government, and [[Thomas Jefferson]], who favored states' rights.   

Several other important things happened during the presidency (the Administration) of George Washington.  The Bill of Rights passed in 1791 to limit the federal government.  The rivalry grew between [[Alexander Hamilton]], who favored a strong national government, and [[Thomas Jefferson]], who favored states' rights.   

'''Debate:  compare the views of [[Alexander Hamilton]] (who felt the federal government should have whatever powers are not denied to it, such as the power to establish a national bank, by virtue of the "elastic" or "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution) to the views of [[Thomas Jefferson]] (who felt the federal government should have only the powers expressly given it).  Which one was right?'''

'''Debate:  compare the views of [[Alexander Hamilton]] (who felt the federal government should have whatever powers are not denied to it, by virtue of the "elastic" or "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution) to the views of [[Thomas Jefferson]] (who felt the federal government should have only the powers expressly given it).  Which one was right?'''

== Other Events of the 1790s ==

== Other Events of the 1790s ==