Changes

'''Anthony Comstock''' (1844-1915) was a campaigner for moral standards whose efforts brought about the first federal laws to combat the [[pornography]] trade in the [[United States]].

'''Anthony Comstock''' (1844-1915) was a campaigner for moral standards whose efforts brought about the first federal laws to combat the [[pornography]] trade in the [[United States]].

Comstock was born in [[Connecticut]], and fought for the [[Union]] in the [[American Civil War]]. Saddened by the irreverent and lascivious speech and attitudes of his fellow soldiers, he made his first attempts to reform their behavior, with some success. After demobilization, he settled in [[New York City]], where, in 1873, he founded the [[New York Society for the Suppression of Vice]]. Also in 1873, he was successful in pressing [[Congress]] to enact legislation (known as the 'Comstock Act') making it illegal to send "obscene, lewd or lascivious" items in the mail, with penalties up to ten years in prison. This included any information on [[contraception|birth control]] or [[abortion]], at the time considered legally obscene and thus not protected speech under the [[First Amendment]]. Comstock was appointed Special Agent for the [[United States Post Office]] with powers to enforce the new law, powers which he used wisely and energetically. Over the next forty-two years, he was responsible for the jailing of 3,600 pornographers, while a huge quantity of pornographic material, indecent articles, contraceptives and abortifacients were seized and destroyed. In one year alone, 14,200 lb of pornographic photographic plates, 134,000 lb of pornographic books, 200,000 photographs and images, 31,500 boxes of pills and potions, and 60,300 obscene articles were destroyed<ref>Bill Bryson, Made in America (London 1994) pp371-374</ref>. It is estimated that fifteen tons of pornographic books and publications, and four million photographs, were destroyed as a result of his labors during his long career.

Comstock was born in [[Connecticut]], and fought for the [[Union]] in the [[American Civil War]]. Saddened by the irreverent and lewd speech and attitudes of his fellow soldiers, he made his first attempts to reform their behavior, with some success.<!-- How? What sucess? --> After demobilization, he settled in [[New York City]], where, in 1873, he founded the [[New York Society for the Suppression of Vice]]. Also in 1873, he was successful in pressing [[Congress]] to enact legislation (known as the Comstock Act) making it illegal to send "obscene, lewd or lascivious" items in the mail, with penalties up to ten years in prison. This included any information on [[contraception|birth control]] or [[abortion]], at the time considered legally obscene and thus not protected speech under the [[First Amendment]]. Comstock was appointed Special Agent for the [[United States Post Office]] with powers to enforce the new law, powers which he used wisely and energetically. Over the next forty-two years, he was responsible for the jailing of 3,600 pornographers, while a huge quantity of pornographic material, indecent articles, contraceptives and abortifacients were seized and destroyed. In one year alone, 14,200 lb of pornographic photographic plates, 134,000 lb of pornographic books, 200,000 photographs and images, 31,500 boxes of pills and potions, and 60,300 obscene articles were destroyed<ref>Bill Bryson, Made in America (London 1994) pp371-374</ref>. It is estimated that fifteen tons of pornographic books and publications, and four million photographs, were destroyed as a result of his labors during his long career.

The Comstock Act was amended in 1923 to remove the prohibitions on distributing information on contraception and abortion following a campaign by [[Planned Parenthood]] founder and [[pro-abortion]] campaigner [[Margaret Sanger]].

The Comstock Act was amended in 1923 to remove the prohibitions on distributing information on contraception and abortion following a campaign by [[Planned Parenthood]] founder and [[pro-abortion]] campaigner [[Margaret Sanger]].