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Jackson won more votes than Adams on Election Day but not enough to become President, so the election went into the House of Representatives.  There Clay apparently struck a private bargain with Adams, whereby Clay persuaded Congressmen to vote for Adams, and Adams, after he won, appointed Clay to be Secretary of State.  Supporters of Jackson ("Old Hickory") harshly criticized this as the "corrupt bargain."  Jackson, campaigning against this "corruption", crushed Adams in the presidential election four years later.

Jackson won more votes than Adams on Election Day but not enough to become President, so the election went into the House of Representatives.  There Clay apparently struck a private bargain with Adams, whereby Clay persuaded Congressmen to vote for Adams, and Adams, after he won, appointed Clay to be Secretary of State.  Supporters of Jackson ("Old Hickory") harshly criticized this as the "corrupt bargain."  Jackson, campaigning against this "corruption", crushed Adams in the presidential election four years later.

The national government kept passing tariffs to increase its funding, such as the Tariff of 1824.  Henry Clay adopted a term, the "American System," to justify a protective tariff plus internal improvements nationwide as a way of expanding our domestic economy and decreasing our dependence on foreign sources.

'''Debate:  Is it wrong for a politician to cut a deal with another politician like the "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay?'''

Canals were being built and the steamboat (invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton, and the first one constructed in America was the Clermont), which had a major effect on economy by 1820s, developed so that goods could be transported quickly and cheaply over water.  The most important canal was the Erie Canal, finished in 1825, to connect the Hudson River and New York City with the Great Lakes.  Spectacular economic success and enabled our nation's economy to grow immensely.  The Erie Canal enabled New York City to become the financial center and biggest city in the United States.  The canal cost $7 million but was soon generating profits of $3 million per year.

Under the John Quincy Adams Administration, Congress continued to pass tariffs to increase its funding, such as the Tariff of 1824.  Henry Clay adopted a term, the "American System," to justify use of protective tariffs along with nationwide internal improvements, in order to expand the domestic economy and decrease our dependence on foreign nations.

Another tariff was passed in 1828, partly supported by a political attempt to support Jackson.  Discussed in greater detail below, the supporters of free trade in the South were outraged and called this the Tariff of Abominations.  John Quincy Adams left Andrew Jackson a big problem for him to deal with.

The steamboat, invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton, with the first one constructed in America being the Clermont, had a major effect on economy by 1820s.  The steamboat enabled goods to be transported quickly and cheaply over water.  Canals were then built.  The most important canal was the Erie Canal, finished in 1825, to connect the Hudson River and New York City with the Great Lakes.  Spectacular economic success enabled our nation's economy to grow immensely.  The Erie Canal allowed New York City to become the financial center and biggest city in the United States. That canal cost $7 million but was soon generating profits of $3 million per year!

'''Debate: Is it wrong for a politician to cut a deal with another politician like the "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay?'''

Another tariff was passed in 1828, partly due to a political attempt to support Jackson.  Discussed in greater detail below, the supporters of free trade in the South were outraged and called this the Tariff of Abominations. John Quincy Adams left Andrew Jackson a big problem for him to deal with.

John Quincy Adams was remarkable in how he continued to participate in politics after he was president.  While virtually all other presidents and vice presidents felt that Congress was beneath them after they served, John Quincy Adams returned to Congress as a member of the House of Representatives from Massachusetts.  There he fought for 17 more years against slavery and in favor of abolitionism, though the "gag rule" (see below) muzzled his anti-slavery efforts for some of that time.  He also ran unsuccessfully for the position of governor of Massachusetts.  John Quincy Adams died after collapsing on the House floor as he prepared to give a speech, and is interred in Quincy, Massachusetts.

After serving only one term as President, John Quincy Adams was remarkable in how he then continued to participate in politics.  While virtually all other presidents and vice presidents felt that Congress was beneath them after they served, John Quincy Adams returned to Congress as a member of the House of Representatives from Massachusetts.  There he fought for 17 more years against slavery and in favor of abolitionism, though the "gag rule" (see below) muzzled his anti-slavery efforts for some of that time.  He also ran unsuccessfully for the position of governor of Massachusetts.  John Quincy Adams died after collapsing on the floor of the House of Representatives as he prepared to give a speech, and is interred in Quincy, Massachusetts.

== Jacksonian Democracy ==

== Jacksonian Democracy ==