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| | <br>33. Oregon: February 14, 1859 | | <br>33. Oregon: February 14, 1859 |
| | <br>34. Kansas: January 29, 1861 | | <br>34. Kansas: January 29, 1861 |
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| | + | == 1840-1860 == |
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| | + | Make sure these are covered in lecture above; remove after incorporated above: |
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| | + | Reform Movements "efforts to reform: civil service (post civil war), disabled (1817-51), economic (1877-94), education (1837-55) temperance (1826-1919), slavery (1820-65), experimental communities (1820s-40s)" |
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| | + | Utopian communities "1840s: groups separating themselves to form idealistic societies, often based on common religious belief" |
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| | + | Examples of Utopian groups "Oneida, Brook Farm, Rappites: all had its own religious purpose for community life" |
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| | + | Women's Rights/Seneca Falls "1848: 1st ""women's rights"" convention: called for women right to vote and drafted Declaration of Sentiments" |
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| | + | Shakers "split off from Quakers in 1772, peaked in NE in 1800s; celibacy, simplicity, and shaking at service" |
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| | + | Liberty Party "1840-8: (NY) 1st anti-slavery party, later joined antislavery Whigs, Dems to form stronger Free-Soil party." |
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| | + | Mormon Church "1830: Joseph Smith founds in Western NY, went to OH; 1844 largest town in IL; 1847 to Utah, majority there" |
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| | + | Emerson and Thoreau "writers of romanticisms, urged Americans to look to surroundings, criticized greed, industrialism" "1845: Thoreau's ""Walden"" showed that one can do well w/out industrialized improvements (lived on pond)" |
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| | + | Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842: Mass. Sup. Ct. held it was legal for workers to organize a union and to strike; this was union victory |
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| | + | Seventh Day Adventist Church "1844: stresses second coming of Christ, Saturday Sabbath, Bible, part of great second awakening" |
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| | + | Elizabeth Blackwell "1849: first women to receive a medical degree in America, from Geneva College in NY; English-born" |
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| | + | Oregon Trail "1843: country becomes fascinated w/ Oregon, 1000 pioneers go from MO to Willamette Valley (4-6 mos.)" |
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| | + | John Tyler "Whig Pres. 1841-45: estab. power of VP to succeed Pres., vetoed nat'l bank, Clay led resignation of most of his Cabinet; 1842 Tyler vetoed tariff, House sought impeachment, then 1st override of veto by Cong." |
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| | + | Webster-Ashburton Treaty "1842: US-Canada settles their border, as Am. Webster agrees with Brit. minister Ashburton re: boundary" |
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| | + | James Polk "Dem. Pres. 1844: ""dark horse"" nomination; loyal to Jackson; settled Oregon dispute, reduced tariffs; reestablished independ. treasury; fought War with Mexico; defeated Clay by supporting Texas annexation" |
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| | + | Manifest Destiny 1845: expansion of the U.S. to include all territory westward to the Pacific Ocean is considered inevitable |
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| | + | Texas enters Union Dec.1845 became State as Polk enforced agt between Tyler and Congress; boundary dispute causes war |
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| | + | Slidell Mission "1845: Polk sent this attorney to Mexico to negotiate border, buy NM and CA; failed, and we provoked war" |
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| | + | Oregon Treaty 1846: treaty with England that set boundary between US and BC |
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| | + | Wilmot Proviso 1846: Penns. David Wilmot introduced anti-slavery ban on land acquired from Mex.; Sen. Calhoun defeated |
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| | + | Iowa enters Union "1846: Iowa enters union, as a free state under the Missouri Comproise; highest % farmland of any state" |
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| | + | Mexican War 1846: war declared by Congress over Whig objection; lasted 2 yrs; US won and captured Mexico City |
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| | + | """Spot Resolutions""" "Dec. 22, 1847: Whig Congressman Lincoln opposed Mexican War, disputing bloodshed ""spot"" in US" |
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| | + | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo "Feb. 1848: ends Mexican War: border set at Rio Grande River. US gets CA, NM, NV, WY, CO, TX for $15M" |
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| | + | Barnburners "1848: antislavery faction that split Dem Party, enabling Whigs to elect Taylor; loyal Dems were ""Hunkers""" |
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| | + | Zachary Taylor "Whig Pres. 1848: gen. in war,died after 1 year,encouraged both NM+CA to apply for admission as free st." |
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| | + | Gold in California "Jan. 1849, Polk announced that gold had been found in California. This set off the Gold Rush (“the 49ers"")" |
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| | + | Millard Fillmore Whig VP became pres. in 1850 when Pres. Taylor died; Fillmore enabled Compromise of 1850 to pass |
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| | + | Compromise of 1850 "admitted CA as free and S had right to bring slaves in SW territories,slave trade abolished in DC,not slavery" |
| | + | enacted tougher federal fugitive slave laws and strictly enforced them: Clay pushed it through Senate |
| | + | TX got $10M to pay off its debt in return for accepting a narrower western boundary |
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| | + | Fugitive Slave Act amends Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 to appoint federal commissioners to catch slaves without due process |
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| | + | Minnesota and Oregon join US Minnesota admitted in 1858; Oregon was admitted in 1859 |
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| | + | Economy of South in 1850s "prosperous, based on ""King Cotton"" and high prices, created feeling of invincibility against North" |
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| | + | Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850: U.S. agrees w/ Britain that neither nation would obtain exclusive control over an interoceanic canal |
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| | + | Clipper ships "1850s: newly designed ships, long, fast, white-winged, enhanced shipping & incr. trade in port cities" |
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| | + | German and Irish immigration "1850 Census: 10% of 23 M population was foreign born, mostly from Germany and Ireland" |
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| | + | Perry/Japan 1852-53: send by Pres. Fillmore to negotiate treaty with Japan to open borders to trade; successful |
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| | + | Ostend Manifesto "1854: govt plan that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, then US take by force(N outraged by slaveholder's plot)" |
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| | + | Transatlantic cable/telegraph "1858: first cable across ocean, high voltage damaged it; 1866 better one was completed and it lasted" |
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| | + | """Uncle Tom's Cabin""" "1852: Harriet Beacher Stowe wrote it, criticizes slavery w/ a compelling novel" |
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| | + | Know-Nothing (American) Party "anti-immigration, anti-Catholic, popular in the 1850s, adopted each local region's view of slavery" |
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| | + | Franklin Pierce "1852: Democratic, proslavery, dark horse nominee, won because the Whigs collapsed over slavery issue" |
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| | + | Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854: Sen. Douglas obtained its passage; historians consider it the greatest single step towards Civil War; this Act replaced Missouri Compromise with ""popular sovereignty"" for new territories, causing mini-wars" |
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| | + | Republican Party "1854: founded to stop expansion of slavery, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Fugitive Slave Law, & slavery in DC" |
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| | + | early leaders of Republican Party abolitionists Charles Sumner & George Julian; Free-Soilers Salmon Chase; conservative Whigs also |
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| | + | Ostend Manifesto 1854: future Pres Buchanan tells Spain sell Cuba to US or lose it by force; caused negative feelings & failed |
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| | + | """Bleeding Kansas""" 1850s: term used by Horace Greeley to describe the fight between pro and anti slavery people in Kansas |
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| | + | John Brown's attack 1856: led an attack that killed 5 proslavery settlers in Kansas (Pottawatomie Creek) |
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| | + | Brooks-Sumner incident "1856: abolitionist Sen. Sumner humiliates Sen. Butler, whose nephew responds by beating w/ cane " |
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| | + | James Buchanan "1856: Dem. Pres., had been overseas during bitter slavery disputes; accused of causing Dred Scott decision" |
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| | + | Panic of 1857 "Aug. 1857: New York City branch of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. failed, caused financial panic" |
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| | + | Dred Scott v. Sanford "1857: blacks have no rights and cannot sue, and Congress cannot free slaves (""property"") from slaveowners" |
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| | + | Lecompton Constitution "part of Kansas constitution(proslavery), rejected by Congress and then by Kansas referendum" |
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| | + | Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858: debates over future of U.S. during the Senate race in Illinois which Douglas won by vote of legislature |
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| | + | "Freeport Doctrine (Freeport, IL)" "1858: Lincoln asks Douglas if, after Dred Scott case, a territory can exclude slavery before becoming state; Douglas answered ""yes"", consistent with his ""popular sovereignty,"" caused South to turn against Douglas" |
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| | + | John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry 1859: attempted to spark slave rebellion in VA; feds caught and tried and executed him |
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| | + | 1860 Repub. Platform "broad coalition: incl. Wilmot Proviso, rejected territor. power to estab. slavery; but backed state power" |
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| | + | Abraham Lincoln "Pres. 1860, 64, tried to save union, issued Emancip. Proclam.; switched from Whig to Republican in 1856" |
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| | + | Copperheads "Northern ""Peace"" or pacifist Democrats who opposed Lincoln's war efforts against seceded South" |
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| | + | The Confederate States of America "Feb. 1861, in Montgomery AL, VA, NC,SC,GA,MS,TN; similar to Const. but w/ ""line item"" veto for Pres." |
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| | + | Fort Sumter "1861: Confederacy seeks surrender of Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, S.C.; shots fired" |
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |