Changes

<br>''Click here for the concept of legal guardian, [[legal guardian]].''

<br>''Click here for the concept of legal guardian, [[legal guardian]].''

Launched as the '''''National Guardian''''' in October 1948 by [[James Aronson]], [[Cedric Belfrage]] <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster055.pdf Vol. 55, pgs. 35 - 39], Cedric Belfrage, James Aronson, and [http://www.geocities.com/avflf/RedTerror_1.htm Ilya Ehrenberg].</ref> John McManus and described as a [[Kremlin]] directed [[Stalin]]ist mouthpiece, its contributors included pro-Communist writers such as [[Agnes Smedley]] and [[Anna Louise Strong]]. [[Wilfred Burchett]] was also a significant influence in the ''National Guardian's'' editorial policies.  Testimony by [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and confirmed by the [[Venona]] intercepts, revealed that Belfrage made contact with Soviet espionage agents during [[World War II]].  In 1947 the [[FBI]] questioned Belfrage, who admitted to having provided confidential information to the Soviets.

Launched as the '''''National Guardian''''' in October 1948 by [[James Aronson]], [[Cedric Belfrage]] <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster055.pdf Vol. 55, pgs. 35 - 39], Cedric Belfrage, James Aronson, and [http://www.geocities.com/avflf/RedTerror_1.htm Ilya Ehrenberg].</ref> John McManus and described as a [[Kremlin]] directed [[Stalin]]ist mouthpiece, its contributors included pro-Communist writers such as [[Agnes Smedley]] and [[Anna Louise Strong]]. [[Wilfred Burchett]] was also a significant influence in the ''National Guardian's'' editorial policies.  Testimony by [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and confirmed by the [[Venona]] intercepts, revealed that Belfrage made contact with Soviet espionage agents during [[World War II]].  In 1947 the [[FBI]] questioned Belfrage, who admitted to having provided confidential information to the Soviets.

 

==Korean War disinformation==

==Korean War disinformation==

==Hiss, the Rosenbergs, and McCarthy==

==Hiss, the Rosenbergs, and McCarthy==

The ''National Guardian'' drew its readership largely from the [[Progressive Party]]. The first issue featured an article by [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Henry Wallace]], whom the ''National Guardian'' endorsed as a presidential candidate on the independent ballot that year. The paper also found support in the [[American Labor Party]]. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] was especially enthusiastic about the paper. It reported on such issues and events as the trial and execution of Ethel and [[Julius Rosenberg]], charged with atomic espionage for the Soviet Union.  The ''National Guardian'' also was took up the causes of [[Alger Hiss]], [[Corliss Lamont]], and Ann and Carl Braden.  <ref>Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Guide to the Cedric Belfrage Papers 1922-1990. </ref>

The ''National Guardian'' drew its readership largely from the [[Progressive Party]]. The first issue featured an article by [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Henry Wallace]], whom the ''National Guardian'' endorsed as a presidential candidate on the independent ballot that year. The paper also found support in the [[American Labor Party]]. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] was especially enthusiastic about the paper. It reported on such issues and events as the trial and execution of Ethel and [[Julius Rosenberg]], charged with atomic espionage for the Soviet Union.  The ''National Guardian'' also was took up the causes of [[Alger Hiss]], [[Corliss Lamont]], and Ann and Carl Braden.  <ref>Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Guide to the Cedric Belfrage Papers 1922-1990. </ref>

In 1953 Aronson and Belfrage were subpoenaed to testify before the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] chaired by [[Sen. Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin.  The ''National Guardian'' declared the investigation  

In 1953 Aronson and Belfrage were subpoenaed to testify before the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] chaired by [[Sen. Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin.  The ''National Guardian'' declared the investigation  

:''"a move to persecute and if possible intimidate the editors of an independent news-weekly, which has opposed the policies of war, repression and plunder of the Eisenhower Administration and the pervious bi-partisan administration of President Truman.''  

:''"a move to persecute and if possible intimidate the editors of an independent news-weekly, which has opposed the policies of war, repression and plunder of the Eisenhower Administration and the previous bi-partisan administration of President Truman.''  

Aronson later asserted "we were not Communists, but...we felt it was our right--our duty--to remain silent before a committee of Congress which we felt had no authority to inquire into our beliefs and associations."  Aronson described the ''National Guardian'' as "an independent and independently-owned newsweekly which took strong issue with basic governmental policy, foreign and domestic," and he denied that it adhered to an "international Communist conspiracy." Aronson and Belfrage explained that they invoked their Fifth rather than First Amendment rights at the advice of their attorney. "Our lawyer had reasoned in a four-hour argument that if we invoked the First we would almost surely be cited for contempt, be convicted, and, in the existing climate, go to prison. He said the ''National Guardian'' would suffer and perhaps even be forced to suspend publication if its two chief editors were jailed." <ref>James Aronson, ''The Press and the Cold War'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970).</ref>

Aronson later asserted "we were not Communists, but...we felt it was our right--our duty--to remain silent before a committee of Congress which we felt had no authority to inquire into our beliefs and associations."  Aronson described the ''National Guardian'' as "an independent and independently-owned newsweekly which took strong issue with basic governmental policy, foreign and domestic," and he denied that it adhered to an "international Communist conspiracy." Aronson and Belfrage explained that they invoked their Fifth rather than First Amendment rights at the advice of their attorney. "Our lawyer had reasoned in a four-hour argument that if we invoked the First we would almost surely be cited for contempt, be convicted, and, in the existing climate, go to prison. He said the ''National Guardian'' would suffer and perhaps even be forced to suspend publication if its two chief editors were jailed." <ref>James Aronson, ''The Press and the Cold War'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970).</ref>

==An appreciation of Ho Chi Minh==

==An appreciation of Ho Chi Minh==

 

The ''National Guardian'' was one of the first American based newspapers that supported Soviet foreign policy oppossition to the [[Vietnam War]] and carried on-scene reports from Wilfred Burchett. <ref>[http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:45uLGC93fs0J:www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/HoChiMinh.htm+HO+CHI+MINH+an+appreciation+by+Wilfred+Burchett&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us HO CHI MINH an appreciation by Wilfred Burchett]</ref> In a secret White House meeting with President Johnson in 1967 Burchett is referred to as "often a reliable spokesman for North Vietnam". <ref>U.S. Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/v/13160.htm Foreign Relations, 1964-1968, Volume V, Vietnam 1967], Released by the Office of the Historian, Document 364.</ref>

The ''National Guardian'' was one of the first American based newspapers that supported Soviet foreign policy oppossition to the [[Vietnam War]] and carried on-scene reports from Wilfred Burchett. <ref>[http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:45uLGC93fs0J:www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/HoChiMinh.htm+HO+CHI+MINH+an+appreciation+by+Wilfred+Burchett&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us HO CHI MINH an appreciation by Wilfred Burchett]</ref> In a secret White House meeting with President Johnson in 1967 Burchett is refered to as "often a reliable spokesman for North Vietnam". <ref>U.S. Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/v/13160.htm Foreign Relations, 1964-1968, Volume V, Vietnam 1967], Released by the Office of the Historian, Document 364.</ref>

In the late 1960s the ''Guardian'' develops stronger links with [[Students for a Democratic Society]] and the [[Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee]] and other [[leftist]] radicals.  By the end of 1969 its paid readership was 24,000, the highest since the aftermath of the Wallace campaign in 1948. <ref>Chronology of Political Events, 1954-1992 [http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron2.html Part Two, 1967-1970].</ref>

In the late 1960s the ''Guardian'' develops stronger links with [[Students for a Democratic Society]] and the [[Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee]] and other [[leftist]] radicals.  By the end of 1969 its paid readership was 24,000, the highest since the aftermath of the Wallace campaign in 1948. <ref>Chronology of Political Events, 1954-1992 [http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron2.html Part Two, 1967-1970].</ref>

Throughtout the 1950s, 60s, 70s, and 80s, the paper supported so-called "national liberation struggles", Africa in the 1950's, Southeast Asia in the 1960's and early 1970's, and Latin America in the 1980's.

Throughout the 1950s, 60s, 70s, and 80s, the paper supported so-called "national liberation struggles", Africa in the 1950's, Southeast Asia in the 1960's and early 1970's, and Latin America in the 1980's.

==post-60s radicalism==

==post-60s radicalism==

 

By the 1980s as it became more and more obvious even to Marxists that Marxism-Leninism was failing, and Marxist class struggle was a hard sell, the ''Guardian'' reinvented itself along with other elements of the American left and shifted to issues of ethnicity and gender and a kind of Marxism-Leninism of race and sex emerged, complete with a special vocabulary of clichés', buzzwords and slogans.  Epitomized by a new knee-jerk rhapsodizing about the radical [[feminist]], [[gay agenda|gay rights]] and anti-racist movement.  In the 1980s they took on a new intensity and significance. Radical antiracist, gay, and feminist cadres with Marxist-Leninist tendencies found a congenial home in the new ''Guardian''. <ref>John George and Laird Wilcox, [http://www.questia.com/library/book/nazis-communists-klansmen-and-others-on-the-fringe-political-extremism-in-america-by-john-george-laird-wilcox.jsp''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America''], Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, (ISBN 0-87975-680-2), pgs. 125-131. </ref>

By the 1980s as it became more and more obvious even to Marxists that Marxism-Leninism was failing, and Marxist class struggle was a hard sell, the ''Guardian'' reinvented itself along with other elements of the American left and shifted to issues of ethnicity and gender and a kind of Marxism-Leninism of race and sex emerged, complete with a special vocabulary of cliches', buzzwords and slogans.  Epitomized by a new knee-jerk rhapsodizing about the radical [[feminist]], [[gay agenda|gay rights]] and anti-racist movement.  In the 1980s they took on a new intensity and significance. Radical antiracist, gay, and feminist cadres with Marxist-Leninist tendencies found a congenial home in the new ''Guardian''. <ref>John George and Laird Wilcox, [http://www.questia.com/library/book/nazis-communists-klansmen-and-others-on-the-fringe-political-extremism-in-america-by-john-george-laird-wilcox.jsp''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America''], Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, (ISBN 0-87975-680-2), pgs. 125-131. </ref>

==Further reading==

==Further reading==