Changes

*Avoid procrastination!  Don't wait until the last minute to begin your homework.  Set a goal for yourself, such as answering three questions each day until you are done.  Answering a few questions at a time doesn't take long, but trying to finish homework in one sitting when you are tired is difficult and produces poor results.

*Avoid procrastination!  Don't wait until the last minute to begin your homework.  Set a goal for yourself, such as answering three questions each day until you are done.  Answering a few questions at a time doesn't take long, but trying to finish homework in one sitting when you are tired is difficult and produces poor results.

Now consider the following riddle about history:  Consider this sequence: 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, ??, ??, ??, ??.  What goes in the question marks?  The answer is below.<ref>Answer: 1, 1, 1, 1 – this sequence represents the number of terms that each president (including his vice president if he died) served, starting with George Washington.</ref>

Now ponder the following riddle about history:  Consider this sequence: 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, ??, ??, ??, ??.  What goes in the question marks?  The answer is below.<ref>Answer: 1, 1, 1, 1 – this sequence represents the number of terms that each president (including his vice president if he died) served, starting with George Washington.</ref>

Why are there so many 1's as we approach the Civil War?  Imagine riding the raging bull at the rodeo.  It's hard to stay on beyond a few seconds.  Before the Civil War, the United States was like the bull, and it was nearly impossible for a president to be reelected amid that turmoil.  No president could ride the raging bull of a divided country for more more than one term as the Civil War approached.   

Why are there so many 1's as we approach the Civil War?  Imagine riding the raging bull at the rodeo.  It's hard to stay on beyond a few seconds.  Before the Civil War, the United States was like the bull, and it was nearly impossible for a president to be reelected amid that turmoil.  No president could ride the raging bull of a divided country for more more than one term as the Civil War approached.   

==Review==

==Review==

This week, practice memorizing all of the presidents we have learned about.  Which ones have we covered so far?<ref>George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson.</ref>

This week, practice memorizing all of the presidents we have learned about.  Which ones have we covered so far?<ref>George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren.</ref>

Last week we learned about Andrew Jackson, who represented the common man.  He was a "Democrat".  The masses elected their military hero.  The Whig Party arose just to oppose Jackson, and before long nominated and won with war heroes of its own.

Last week we learned about Andrew Jackson, who represented the common man.  He was a "Democrat".  The masses elected their military hero.  The Whig Party arose just to oppose Jackson, and before long nominated and won with war heroes of its own.

In accordance with Jackson's image as a common man, he was against a national bank.  He was also cruel to the Indians.   

In accordance with Jackson's image as a common man, he was against a national bank.  He was also cruel to the Indians.   

Although Jackson was a Democrat, which was then the main party in the South, Jackson's stance toward the South opposed nullification and secession.

Although Jackson was a Democrat, which was then the main party in the South, Jackson's stance toward the South opposed its nullification of federal law and talk of secession.

==The "Accidental Presidency"==

==The "Accidental Presidency"==

By 1840 the anti-Jackson Whig Party was strong, and clever.  To win its first presidential election, it ran the war hero William Henry Harrison (who had defeated the Indians much earlier).  The Whig Party exploited the financial panic of 1837 and some clever slogans.  The Whig Party also pulled another trick:  it nominated the Democrat John Tyler for Vice President.  That was one of only two times that one party has nominated as its vice president a member of the other political party (the other time was when Abraham Lincoln picked Andrew Johnson as his vice president to try to avoid the Civil War).  In 2008, the Republican candidate John McCain reportedly wanted to choose the former Democrat Joe Lieberman as his vice president, but choose Sarah Palin when he learned that many within the Republican Party wanted a Republican vice presidential nominee.

By 1840 the anti-Jackson Whig Party was strong, and clever.  To win its first presidential election, it ran the war hero William Henry Harrison (who had defeated the Indians much earlier).  The Whig Party exploited the financial panic of 1837 and some clever slogans.  The Whig Party also pulled another trick:  it nominated the Democrat John Tyler for Vice President.  That was one of only two times that one party has nominated as its vice president a member of the other political party (the other time was when Abraham Lincoln picked Andrew Johnson as his vice president to try to avoid the Civil War).  In 2008, the Republican candidate John McCain reportedly wanted to choose the former Democrat Joe Lieberman as his vice president, but chose Sarah Palin when he learned that many within the Republican Party insisted on a Republican vice presidential nominee.

Historians say that the outcome in virtually every presidential election can be predicted by looking at how the economy is doing.  When the economy is struggling, the incumbent loses.  When the economy is thriving, the incumbent wins.  Van Buren was hurt by a poor economy, with many voters out-of-work.  Watch out for all those farmers and unemployed factory workers on Election Day!

Historians say that the outcome in virtually every presidential election can be predicted by looking at how the economy is doing.  When the economy is struggling, the incumbent loses.  When the economy is thriving, the incumbent wins.  Van Buren was hurt by a poor economy, with many voters out-of-work.  Watch out for all those farmers and unemployed factory workers on Election Day!

William Harrison became the first Whig candidate to win the presidency.  But as an arrogant man, he insisted on participating in his inauguration in frigid weather, without a coat or hat, and on speaking for over an hour to an outdoor crowd.  He caught pneumonia and died a month later.   

William Harrison became the first Whig candidate to win the presidency (in 1840).  But as an arrogant man, he insisted on participating in his inauguration in frigid weather, without a coat or hat, and on speaking for over an hour to an outdoor crowd.  He caught pneumonia and died a month later.   

A president had never died in office before, and uncertainty arose.  The Constitution states that "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President."  "Devolve" the powers did onto John Tyler, the Democrat who had long been opposed to what the Whig Party stood for.  (Only with the 25th Amendment in 1967 was it fully clarified that the vice president actually became president, rather than merely exercise the powers of the presidency).  

A president had never died in office before, and uncertainty arose.  The Constitution states that "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President."  "Devolve" the powers did onto John Tyler, the Democrat who had long been opposed to what the Whig Party stood for.  (Only with the 25th Amendment in 1967 was it fully clarified that the vice president would actually became president, rather than merely exercise the powers of the presidency).  

Tyler showed his true colors as a Democrat upon becoming President, and vetoed the national bank.  This infuriated the Whig Party, which had been formed in order to establish a national bank after Jackson vetoed it.  In fact, Tyler vetoed the entire Whig agenda.  Within months the Whig Party retaliated by officially expelling him from the Whig Party, and referring to him derisively as "the man without a party" or "His Accidency."  Harrison's entire Cabinet, except for Daniel Webster (who was finishing his negotiations of an important treaty with Canada), resigned.  Henry Clay from Kentucky was one of those who resigned in disgust.

Tyler showed his true colors as a Democrat upon becoming President Tyler, and vetoed the national bank.  This infuriated the Whig Party, which had been formed in order to establish a national bank after Jackson vetoed it.  In fact, Tyler vetoed the entire Whig agenda.  Within months the Whig Party retaliated by officially expelling him from the Whig Party, and referring to him derisively as "the man without a party" or "His Accidency."  Harrison's entire Cabinet, except for Daniel Webster (who was finishing his negotiations of an important treaty with Canada), resigned.  Henry Clay from Kentucky was one of those who resigned in disgust.

Tyler did not care.  In 1842 he vetoed a tariff, which infuriated the Whigs further.  Eventually John Quincy Adams, the former president, led an impeachment effort against Tyler based on his veto.  That effort failed, but it illustrated how little some congressmen thought of him.  No one had tried to impeach a president before.  Congress also overrode one of Tyler's vetoes with a 2/3rd majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, which was the first time that ever happened.

Tyler did not care.  In 1842 he vetoed a tariff, which infuriated the Whigs further.  Eventually John Quincy Adams, the former president, led an impeachment effort against Tyler based on his veto.  That effort failed, but it illustrated how little some congressmen thought of him.  No one had tried to impeach a president before.  Congress also overrode one of Tyler's vetoes with a 2/3rd majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, which was the first time that ever happened.

But Mexico was quite lax in controlling its territory in Texas, and the settlers revolted in 1836.  They declared that Texas was independent from Mexico and drafted their own constitution.   

But Mexico was quite lax in controlling its territory in Texas, and the settlers revolted in 1836.  They declared that Texas was independent from Mexico and drafted their own constitution.   

In the famous Battle of the Alamo, a few thousand soldiers from Mexico defeated just 165 Texans at the Alamo.  This battle became famous, as did the cry "Remember the Alamo!".

In the famous Battle of the Alamo, a few thousand soldiers from Mexico defeated just 165 or so Texans at the Alamo, and massacred all of them.  This battle became famous, as did the cry "Remember the Alamo!".

Shortly thereafter, Texas wrote a formal declaration of independence.  Eager to gain land and fame, many Americans moved to Texas and helped defeat the Mexicans.  Thus, Texas became the independent "Lone Star Republic."

Shortly thereafter, Texas wrote a formal declaration of independence.  Eager to gain land and fame, many Americans moved to Texas and helped defeat the Mexicans.  Thus, Texas became the independent "Lone Star Republic."

Many of the citizens in Texas wished to become part of the United States, and Andrew Jackson, who was president at the time, also supported the annexation of Texas.  Nevertheless, opposition by Mexico prevented Texas from being annexed.

Many of the citizens in Texas wished to become part of the United States, and Andrew Jackson, who was president at the time, also supported the annexation of Texas.  Nevertheless, opposition by Mexico prevented Texas from being annexed.

The Whigs did not want to annex Texas, and Jackson was afraid that if he annexed Texas, his successor, Martin Van Buren, would not be elected.  Abolitionists were also upset because Texas would be another slave state - its constitution permitted slavery.  

The Whigs did not want to annex Texas, and Jackson was afraid that if he annexed Texas, then his successor, Martin Van Buren, would not be elected.  Abolitionists were also upset because Texas would be another slave state - its constitution permitted slavery.  

In the end, Tyler was the first president to attempt to annex Texas.  Unfortunately, he ruined his chances by declaring that slavery would be good for Texas.  When the treaty came to the Senate, it did not initially pass.

In the end, Tyler was the first president to attempt to annex Texas.  Unfortunately, he ruined his chances by declaring that slavery would be good for Texas.  When the treaty came to the Senate, it did not initially pass.

Others went westward in a search for gold, and the "gold rush" that began in 1848 and hit a fever pitch in 1849, attracting many to California (the football team the "San Francisco 49ers" is named after those settlers).

Others went westward in a search for gold, and the "gold rush" that began in 1848 and hit a fever pitch in 1849, attracting many to California (the football team the "San Francisco 49ers" is named after those settlers).

Half of the Oregon territory, which included the current states of Oregon and Washington, was controlled by the British.  In 1846 the Oregon Treaty settled the disputes between America and Britain, giving most of the Oregon territory to the United States.   

Half of the Oregon territory, which included the current states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and a bit of Montana and Wyoming, was controlled by the British.  In 1846 the Oregon Treaty settled the disputes between America and Britain, giving most of the Oregon territory to the United States.   

Along with the expansion and migration came great social change in the older portions of the United States.  Utopian communities thrived in the 1840s to pursue idealistic societies, often based on common religious beliefs and sharing homes and property.  The homeschooling movement today could be compared with the movements in the 1840s, though homeschooling is more of a concept than a centralized community having shared property.  Examples of Utopian communities in the 1840s (and earlier) were the Shakers, Brook Farm, the Rappites, and the Oneida Community:<ref name="Utopian">http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amana/utopia.htm</ref>

Along with the expansion and migration came great social change in the older portions of the United States.  Utopian communities thrived in the 1840s to pursue idealistic societies, often based on common religious beliefs and sharing homes and property.  The homeschooling movement today could be compared with the movements in the 1840s, though homeschooling is more of a concept than a centralized community having shared property.  Examples of Utopian communities in the 1840s (and earlier) were the Shakers, Brook Farm, the Rappites, and the Oneida Community:<ref name="Utopian">http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amana/utopia.htm</ref>

* Brook Farm was a Utopian community based on "transcendentalism", which was a philosophy started by Immanuel Kant in the late 1700s that emphasized man's ability to "transcend" experience and pursue a lifestyle of simple living, self-reliance, and rejection of industrialization.  This movement took inspiration from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was the leading American proponent of this philosophy (without himself living in a Utopian community), and his friend Henry David Thoreau, who did spend some time living in simplicity on "Walden's Pond," except when he went over to his friend Emerson's house to enjoy a good meal and better surroundings!  (Thoreau also became famous for his book advocating "civil disobedience" to laws and authority.)  Brook Farm itself was located in Suffolk County, Massachusetts and was led by a former Unitarian minister.  The community provided to all members, their children and family dependents the following: housing, fuel, wages, clothing and food.  It also had schools at all levels before college.  This project ended in failure due to financial difficulties and even a bitter lawsuit by investors attempting to recover their money.  This community never exceeded 120 persons, making it smaller than most homeschooling communities today.

* Brook Farm was a Utopian community based on "transcendentalism", which was a philosophy started by Immanuel Kant in the late 1700s that emphasized man's ability to "transcend" experience and pursue a lifestyle of simple living, self-reliance, and rejection of industrialization.  This movement took inspiration from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was the leading American proponent of this philosophy (without himself living in a Utopian community), and his friend Henry David Thoreau, who did spend some time living in simplicity on "Walden's Pond," except when he went over to his friend Emerson's house to enjoy a good meal and better surroundings!  (Thoreau also became famous for his book advocating "civil disobedience" to laws and authority.)  Brook Farm itself was located in Suffolk County, Massachusetts and was led by a former Unitarian minister.  The community provided to all members, their children and family dependents the following: housing, fuel, wages, clothing and food.  It also had schools at all levels before college.  This project ended in failure due to financial difficulties and even a bitter lawsuit by investors attempting to recover their money.  This community never exceeded 120 persons, making it smaller than most homeschooling communities today.

* The Rappites, also known as The Harmony Society, were founded by Johann Georg Rapp and first consisted of immigrants from Germany seeking religious freedom in America.  They settled in Butler County, Pennsylvania, called Harmony, and believed that the Bible was humanity's sole authority.  Similar to the Shakers, they required celibacy also led a communal life without individual possessions.  Frederick Rapp, George Rapp's adopted son, transformed the economy of Harmony from subsistence agriculture to gradual diversified manufacturing, and by 1814 the Society was thriving with 700 members and a town of 130 homes and factories.  The products they produced, ranging from textiles to woolens to wine and whiskey, were highly valued by other Americans for their quality.  They continued to succeed economically, and repeatedly outgrew their towns, moving to Indiana (after selling their first town for $100,000 to Mennonites) and later back to Pennsylvania.  They peaked in 1866 and, after several schisms, disbanded in 1905.  Their sturdy buildings remain to this day.

* The Rappites, also known as The Harmony Society, were founded by Johann Georg Rapp and first consisted of immigrants from Germany seeking religious freedom in America.  They settled in Butler County, Pennsylvania, called Harmony, and believed that the Bible was humanity's sole authority.  Similar to the Shakers, the Rappites required celibacy also led a communal life without individual possessions.  Frederick Rapp, George Rapp's adopted son, transformed the economy of Harmony from subsistence agriculture to gradual diversified manufacturing, and by 1814 the Society was thriving with 700 members and a town of 130 homes and factories.  The products they produced, ranging from textiles to woolens to wine and whiskey, were highly valued by other Americans for their quality.  The Rappites continued to succeed economically, and repeatedly outgrew their towns, moving to Indiana (after selling their first town for $100,000 to Mennonites) and later back to Pennsylvania.  They peaked in 1866 and, after several schisms, disbanded in 1905.  Their sturdy buildings remain to this day.

* The Oneida Community in Madison County, New York, was an abolitionist movement founded by the minister John Humphreys Noyes.  He preached the radical view that perfection was attainable in this life, and his followers became known as "Perfectionists".  Unfortunately, he also preached a concept of "complex marriage," whereby men and women married in groups such that every man in the group was married to every woman in the group, and children were raised by everyone.  "Bible communism" resulted in no individual property either.  A 1879 meeting of ministers in Syracuse, New York, condemned the settlement, and unrest caused Noyes to flee to Canada.

* The Oneida Community in Madison County, New York, was an abolitionist movement founded by the minister John Humphreys Noyes.  He preached the radical view that perfection was attainable in this life, and his followers became known as "Perfectionists".  Unfortunately, he also preached a concept of "complex marriage," whereby men and women married in groups such that every man in the group was married to every woman in the group, and children were raised by everyone.  "Bible communism" resulted in no individual property.  A 1879 meeting of ministers in Syracuse, New York, condemned the settlement, and unrest caused Noyes to flee to Canada.

The decline of all the Utopian communities has been attributed to increased industrialization and hostility by a broader public to the concept.  Inflammatory newspaper articles played a role as the public became reliant on secular sources for information.  But historians have concluded that "religious utopian colonies possessed a longer life then their secular counterparts."<ref name="Utopian"/>  Most of the Utopian communities have remnants that are preserved today and can be visited.

The decline of all the Utopian communities has been attributed to increased industrialization and hostility by a broader public to the concept.  Inflammatory newspaper articles played a role as the public became reliant on secular sources for information.  But historians have concluded that "religious utopian colonies possessed a longer life then their secular counterparts."<ref name="Utopian"/>  Most of the Utopian communities have remnants that are preserved today and can be visited.

Douglas lost the support of both the North and South due to his "Freeport Doctrine," which was described above.  After the Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott decision that a slave is property who cannot be taken away from the slave owner, Lincoln asked Douglas, "Can the people of a United States Territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution?"  In his answer, Douglas adopted a position in the middle between Lincoln's view that slavery should not be allowed in territories and the Supreme Court's view that slavery must be protected everywhere as pure property.  Douglas said that the people in each territory can decide whether to allow slavery, and if they prohibited it then as a practical matter the slave owner could not keep a slave there.  This angered the South, which became afraid that a popular vote could deprive them of their slaves (each slave was worth $30,000 in today's money, and slaveowners often had many slaves).  Douglas's position also cost him votes in the North.  By trying to take a middle position, Douglas lost support on both sides and could win only one state, Missouri, in the presidential election of 1860.  Lincoln coasted to victory in the presidential election.

Douglas lost the support of both the North and South due to his "Freeport Doctrine," which was described above.  After the Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott decision that a slave is property who cannot be taken away from the slave owner, Lincoln asked Douglas, "Can the people of a United States Territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State Constitution?"  In his answer, Douglas adopted a position in the middle between Lincoln's view that slavery should not be allowed in territories and the Supreme Court's view that slavery must be protected everywhere as pure property.  Douglas said that the people in each territory can decide whether to allow slavery, and if they prohibited it then as a practical matter the slave owner could not keep a slave there.  This angered the South, which became afraid that a popular vote could deprive them of their slaves (each slave was worth $30,000 in today's money, and slaveowners often had many slaves).  Douglas's position also cost him votes in the North.  By trying to take a middle position, Douglas lost support on both sides and could win only one state, Missouri, in the presidential election of 1860.  Lincoln coasted to victory in the presidential election.

'''Question:'''  Why did the South think it could win the Civil War?<ref>It assumed that Britain would come to its aid because it was an important manufacturer of cotton.  But the South didn't take into account that Britain already got plenty of cotton from India, and thus could do without American cotton.</ref>

'''Question:'''  Why did the South think it could win the Civil War?<ref>The South assumed that Britain would come to its aid because it was an important manufacturer of cotton.  But the South didn't take into account that Britain already got plenty of cotton from India, and thus could do without American cotton.</ref>

==The North and South: Strengths and Weaknesses==

==The North and South: Strengths and Weaknesses==

The South had a feeling of invincibility from its tremendous economy, which was based on high prices for "King Cotton" and other crops, such as tobacco and sugar cane.  The South also felt that the North lacked a will to fight and, if it did, Britain and France would recognize and help the South due to their dependence on its exports like cotton, tobacco, rice and sugar cane.  The South also had strategic advantages:  it controlled the mouth of the Mississippi and needed only to defend rather than conquer.  The South considered its men, who spent more time outdoors, to be in much better condition to fight.  The South had better generals, and would have done far better had its generals like Stonewall Jackson not died in battle.

The South had a feeling of invincibility from its tremendous economy, which was based on high prices for "King Cotton" and other crops, such as tobacco and sugar cane.  The South also felt that the North lacked a will to fight and, if it did, Britain and France would recognize and help the South due to their dependence on its exports like cotton, tobacco, rice and sugar cane.  The South also had strategic advantages:  it controlled the mouth of the Mississippi and needed only to defend rather than conquer.  The South considered its men, who spent more time outdoors, to be in much better condition to fight.  The South had better generals, and would have done far better had its generals like Stonewall Jackson not died in battle.

But the North benefited from the railroad system, heavy immigration and a much more balanced economy.  German and Irish immigrants came in large numbers before and during the 1850s, and in the 1850 census, 10% of the male population over 23 was foreign born, mostly from Germany and particularly Ireland.  The "Know-Nothing" or American Party arose as anti-immigration, anti-Catholic organization (most of the Irish were Catholics), given its name because its members would pretend not to "Know Nothing" when asked about their views.<ref>In 1855 the Know-Nothing Party successfully elected its candidate for mayor of Chicago, who then banned immigrants from city jobs.  The Know-Nothing Party was most successful statewide in Ohio, before disappearing by 1860.</ref>  But the greater numbers from immigration ended up helping the North in the war, as large numbers of immigrants fought for the North against the South.  Overall, the population of the North was 22 million compared with only 9 million in the South, 3.5 of whom were slaves whom the South were reluctant to arm.  Large populations have proportionately more people to use as soldiers and support the war in other ways.  The North also had control of the United States Navy, which proved to be useful in the war.   

But the North benefited from the railroad system, heavy immigration and a much more balanced economy.  German and Irish immigrants came in large numbers before and during the 1850s, and in the 1850 census, 10% of the male population over 23 was foreign born, mostly from Germany and particularly Ireland.  The "Know-Nothing" or American Party arose as anti-immigration, anti-Catholic organization (most of the Irish were Catholics), given its name because its members would pretend not to "Know Nothing" when asked about their views.<ref>In 1855 the Know-Nothing Party successfully elected its candidate for mayor of Chicago, who then banned immigrants from city jobs.  The Know-Nothing Party was most successful statewide in Ohio, before disappearing everywhere before 1860.</ref>  But the greater numbers from immigration ended up helping the North in the war, as large numbers of immigrants fought for the North against the South.  Overall, the population of the North was 22 million compared with only 9 million in the South, 3.5 of whom were slaves whom the South were reluctant to arm.  Large populations have proportionately more people to use as soldiers and support the war in other ways.  The North also had control of the United States Navy, which proved to be useful in the war.   

Finally, the North was successful in keeping border slave states -- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and the to-be-formed West Virginia -- from joining the Confederacy and fighting against the North.  Abraham Lincoln said about Kentucky, "Kentucky gone, we can not hold Missouri, nor as I think, Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol."<ref>http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=31&subjectID=3</ref>  Had those border states sided with the South, as it expected, the outcome may have been different.

Finally, the North was successful in keeping border slave states -- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and the to-be-formed West Virginia -- from joining the Confederacy and fighting against the North.  Abraham Lincoln said about Kentucky, "Kentucky gone, we can not hold Missouri, nor as I think, Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol."<ref>http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=31&subjectID=3</ref>  Had those border states sided with the South, as it expected, the outcome may have been different.

<br>33. Oregon: February 14, 1859

<br>33. Oregon: February 14, 1859

<br>34. Kansas: January 29, 1861

<br>34. Kansas: January 29, 1861

<br>Note that West Virginia did not become a state until it broke away from Virginia due to the Civil War, with West Virginia joining the North and Virginia joining the South.

<br>Note that West Virginia did not become a state until it broke away from Virginia during the Civil War, with West Virginia joining the North and Virginia joining the South.

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:History]]

[[Category:History]]