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| | [[American History Lecture Seven|Lecture]] - [[American_History_Homework_Seven|Questions]] - [[American History Homework Seven Answers|Student Answers]] | | [[American History Lecture Seven|Lecture]] - [[American_History_Homework_Seven|Questions]] - [[American History Homework Seven Answers|Student Answers]] |
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| | + | On the SAT II, about 20% of the test concerns ''economic'' history. That's a big portion of the exam. This includes questions about unions, money standards (gold or silver or paper), inventions, trade, taxes, farming, court decisions about economic disputes, and anything else effecting the economy. Economic trends influence the course of human events more than students realize. |
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| | + | In the time period after the end of Reconstruction (1877) until the key presidential election of 1896, economic issues were particularly important. Nothing much else was going on: the presidents were unremarkable, social disputes like slavery no longer existed, and there were no wars. So what's left to study? The economy. Many of the 20% of economic questions on the SAT II will come from 1877-1896 because nothing else was happening then. But if like economic issues, this is an exciting time period to study. |
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| | + | But first, a little review. |
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| | + | == Review == |
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| | + | Transatlantic Cable "1866: after four attempts, permanent communication with Europe finally established by underground cable" |
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| | + | Seward Purchase of Alaska "1867: Sec'y of State under Lincoln & Johnson, bought Alaska (critics described this as ""Seward's Folly"")" |
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| | + | tariff issue "disputes continued after Civil War: South and West, espec. farmers, opposed tariffs; North wanted them" |
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| | + | Exodusters "After Reconstruction, African Americans moved from South to Midwest, especially Kansas" |
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| | + | The Grange/Oliver Kelley "1867-74: political movement to regulate prices of railroad (""Granger"" politicians)" |
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| | + | Rutherford B. Hayes "Ohio gov., then Repub. Pres. 1876; considered a ""moderate"" and free of scandal during his administration" |
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| | + | Women's Christian Temperance Union "1874: founded by women to combat problems alcohol caused their families, society; sought prohibition" |
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| − | On the SAT II, about 20% of the test concerns economic history. Out of 90-95 questions, that means there could be as many as 19 questions about economics. Those 19 questions are where most students have the most difficulty. But this lecture will make those 19 questions some of the easiest ones for you.
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| | “Tammany Hall” was the name used to describe the Democratic Party organization in New York County, which operated like a machine in how it elected people, gave out jobs, and even stole money from the City. Eventually, it was the New York Times and American’s most famous cartoonist, Thomas Nast, who wrote public scorn to Boss Tweed and his imprisonment. Nast cheered Tweed’s humiliation. | | “Tammany Hall” was the name used to describe the Democratic Party organization in New York County, which operated like a machine in how it elected people, gave out jobs, and even stole money from the City. Eventually, it was the New York Times and American’s most famous cartoonist, Thomas Nast, who wrote public scorn to Boss Tweed and his imprisonment. Nast cheered Tweed’s humiliation. |
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| | + | == Before 1880 == |
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| | + | Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1869: founded National Woman Suffrage Ass'n; led Seneca Falls Convention (1848); opposed abortion |
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| | + | Chataugua Movement 1874: knowledge revolution founded in NY; promoted adult education and combined it with entertainment |
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| | + | Chief Joseph/Nez Perce "1877: Oregon and Idaho, Indians outwit feds but then relocate to Oklahoma, which has large Indian populat." |
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| | + | Bessemer Process 1870s: new process made steel easy to produce |
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| | + | Munn v. Illinois "1877: upholds state regulation of public facility (grain warehouse), energized populist movement" |
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| | + | Workingmen's Party "1877-80: socialist, workers, anti-Chinese party led by Dennis Kearney, imprisoned for provocative speeches" |
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| | + | Edison/light bulb "1879: Menlo Park; 1882 lights New York; by 1898 there were 3,000 electrical generators nationwide" |
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| | + | Bland-Allison Act "1878: feds to buy $2M-$4M of silver/mth, to increase inflation & silver prices" |
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| | + | Standard Oil Trust "1879-1911: America's biggest monopoly, it controlled almost 95% of the oil industry until broken up by S.Ct." |
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| | + | Booker T. Washington "self-taught former slave; urged self-help, accommodation with others; founded Tuskegee Institute for research" |
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| | + | == The Election of 1880 == |
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| | The “spoils systems” was an important part of these political machines, and even the Republican Party U.S. Senator from New York, Roscoe Conkling, supported it. Under the “spoils system” or “patronage system”, the winner of an election gets to hand out government jobs to his supporters. “To the victors go the spoils,” is the famous saying. The “Stalwarts” in the Republican Party favored this system, which insured that holdovers who disagreed with the winner would be fired and everyone in the new administration would agree with the new leader. Against the Stalwarts were moderates who wanted a civil service system where a government employee would keep his job even after a new leader is elected. They sought “reform” of the spoils system. | | The “spoils systems” was an important part of these political machines, and even the Republican Party U.S. Senator from New York, Roscoe Conkling, supported it. Under the “spoils system” or “patronage system”, the winner of an election gets to hand out government jobs to his supporters. “To the victors go the spoils,” is the famous saying. The “Stalwarts” in the Republican Party favored this system, which insured that holdovers who disagreed with the winner would be fired and everyone in the new administration would agree with the new leader. Against the Stalwarts were moderates who wanted a civil service system where a government employee would keep his job even after a new leader is elected. They sought “reform” of the spoils system. |
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| | :If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” | | :If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” |
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| − | Rutherford B. Hayes "Ohio gov., then Repub. Pres. 1876; considered a ""moderate"" and free of scandal during his administration"
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| − | Women's Christian Temperance Union "1874: founded by women to combat problems alcohol caused their families, society; sought prohibition"
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| | ==Debate Topics== | | ==Debate Topics== |