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| | == Review == | | == Review == |
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| − | Transatlantic Cable "1866: after four attempts, permanent communication with Europe finally established by underground cable"
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| | Seward Purchase of Alaska "1867: Sec'y of State under Lincoln & Johnson, bought Alaska (critics described this as ""Seward's Folly"")" | | Seward Purchase of Alaska "1867: Sec'y of State under Lincoln & Johnson, bought Alaska (critics described this as ""Seward's Folly"")" |
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| − | tariff issue "disputes continued after Civil War: South and West, espec. farmers, opposed tariffs; North wanted them"
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| | Exodusters "After Reconstruction, African Americans moved from South to Midwest, especially Kansas" | | Exodusters "After Reconstruction, African Americans moved from South to Midwest, especially Kansas" |
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| − | The Grange/Oliver Kelley "1867-74: political movement to regulate prices of railroad (""Granger"" politicians)"
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| | Rutherford B. Hayes "Ohio gov., then Repub. Pres. 1876; considered a ""moderate"" and free of scandal during his administration" | | Rutherford B. Hayes "Ohio gov., then Repub. Pres. 1876; considered a ""moderate"" and free of scandal during his administration" |
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| | Cotton gin. Telegraph. | | Cotton gin. Telegraph. |
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| | + | Transatlantic Cable "1866: after four attempts, permanent communication with Europe finally established by underground cable" |
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| | Bessemer Process 1870s: new process made steel easy to produce | | Bessemer Process 1870s: new process made steel easy to produce |
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| | == Big Business and Big Oil == | | == Big Business and Big Oil == |
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| | + | The Grange/Oliver Kelley "1867-74: political movement to regulate prices of railroad (""Granger"" politicians)" |
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| | + | populism |
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| | John D. Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry at this time, becoming perhaps the wealthiest person ever. After he formed the Standard Oil Trust of Ohio in 1881 to run his empire, it became a goal of government to break his empire up. Meanwhile, other industries began to follow his example, as large industrial companies began to form to control sugar, lead, beef and even whiskey. Rockefeller, in turn, allegedly bribed public officials to advance his business goals. Congress ultimately passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to prohibit “restraint of trade” or interference with competition, in 1890, named after Senator John Sherman of Ohio (General William Sherman’s brother). Rockefeller’s oil company was ultimately broken up by the courts. The Sherman Antitrust Act is a big area of the law today. | | John D. Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry at this time, becoming perhaps the wealthiest person ever. After he formed the Standard Oil Trust of Ohio in 1881 to run his empire, it became a goal of government to break his empire up. Meanwhile, other industries began to follow his example, as large industrial companies began to form to control sugar, lead, beef and even whiskey. Rockefeller, in turn, allegedly bribed public officials to advance his business goals. Congress ultimately passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to prohibit “restraint of trade” or interference with competition, in 1890, named after Senator John Sherman of Ohio (General William Sherman’s brother). Rockefeller’s oil company was ultimately broken up by the courts. The Sherman Antitrust Act is a big area of the law today. |
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| | The Panic of 1893 hit just after Democrat Grover Cleveland became president for his second term. He persuaded Congress to repeal the Silver Purchase Act in order to stop the run on gold. A big Wall St. banker, J.P. Morgan, arranged for more gold to be imported from Europe to protect the government reserves. The “run” on our valuable gold reserves stopped. | | The Panic of 1893 hit just after Democrat Grover Cleveland became president for his second term. He persuaded Congress to repeal the Silver Purchase Act in order to stop the run on gold. A big Wall St. banker, J.P. Morgan, arranged for more gold to be imported from Europe to protect the government reserves. The “run” on our valuable gold reserves stopped. |
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| − | There was a huge bestselling pamphlet called “Coin’s Financial School” which was published just after the economic depression of 1893. In this fictional work, professor Coin lectures gold-standard advocates on the benefits of monetizing silver at a 16:1 ratio. The pamphlet swept the country, much as Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” did, and laid the foundation for William Jennings Bryan’s “Free Silver” presidential campaign in 1896 against pro-gold Republican William McKinley. Ultimately Bryan rocked the country with the most famous political speech in American history, his “Cross of Gold” speech to the Democratic nominating convention: | + | There was a huge bestselling pamphlet called “Coin’s Financial School” which was published just after the economic depression of 1893. In this fictional work, professor Coin lectures gold-standard advocates on the benefits of monetizing silver at a 16:1 ratio. The pamphlet swept the country, much as Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” did, and laid the foundation for William Jennings Bryan’s “Free Silver” presidential campaign in 1896 against pro-gold Republican William McKinley. Ultimately Bryan rocked the country with the most famous political speech in American history, his “Cross of Gold” speech to the Democratic nominating convention in 1896: |
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| | :“There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. … | | :“There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it. … |
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| | == Tariffs, Taxes and Pensions == | | == Tariffs, Taxes and Pensions == |
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| | + | tariff issue "disputes continued after Civil War: South and West, espec. farmers, opposed tariffs; North wanted them" |
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| | McKinley Tariff "1890: estab. highest tariffs ever, but made sugar duty-free; prices increase" | | McKinley Tariff "1890: estab. highest tariffs ever, but made sugar duty-free; prices increase" |
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| | Grover Cleveland 1884: only Democrat elected president between 1860 and 1908; from New York and friendly to business Cleveland was elected for his integrity, support of gold standard, opposition to unions and fed spending" | | Grover Cleveland 1884: only Democrat elected president between 1860 and 1908; from New York and friendly to business Cleveland was elected for his integrity, support of gold standard, opposition to unions and fed spending" |
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| | + | Benjamin Harrison "1888: Repub. Pres. from Indiana: favored protective tariffs, veterans pay, but lost Cong. to Dems. in 1890" |
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| | Panic of 1893 "1893: hundreds of banks and businesses failed, President Grover Cleveland did nothing" | | Panic of 1893 "1893: hundreds of banks and businesses failed, President Grover Cleveland did nothing" |
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| | Mugwumps "key East. Republicans who opposed James Blaine due to scandals, and supported Dem. Grover Cleveland" | | Mugwumps "key East. Republicans who opposed James Blaine due to scandals, and supported Dem. Grover Cleveland" |
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| | + | == Preparing for the "Turn of the Century" == |
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| | + | Alfred Thayer Mahan 1890: wrote books on sea power and urged strong navy and imperialism by United States |
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| | + | Queen Liliuokalani "Hawaii leader recognized only natives, opposed joining U.S.; Americans on island then dethroned her (1893)" |
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| | + | National Municipal League "1894: leaders form group to make city gov't more honest, efficient, effective. Now the National Civic League" |
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| | + | Atlanta Exposition/Compromise "1895: Booker T. Washington addresses racially diverse audience to urge cooperation, accommodation" |
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| | + | Jane Addams/Hull House argued for reform of city government by involvement of women |
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| | ==Debate Topics== | | ==Debate Topics== |