Changes

French surgeon Dr. Pierre Barbet postulated after [[World War II]] that crucifixion victims on a cross would experience sagging ribs, making it impossible for them to exhale properly.  A 1986 article in the [[Journal of the American Medical Association]] states that the flogging of Jesus resulted in deep stripelike lacerations and significant [[blood]] loss, which probably resulted in [[Cardiogenic Shock|hypovolemic shock]] and [[pleural effusion]].  This probably accounts for Jesus being too weak to be able to carry the [[crossbar]] to [[Golgotha]] without help.  The hypovolemic shock and the marked difficulty in respiration, along with other contributing factors, were cited as the medical causes of Jesus' death.<ref>[http://www.biblicalrecorder.org/content/news/2005/3_25_2005/ne250305csi.shtml CSI Jerusalem: Death on an old wooden cross]</ref><ref>[http://the-crucifixion.org/ On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ]</ref>

French surgeon Dr. Pierre Barbet postulated after [[World War II]] that crucifixion victims on a cross would experience sagging ribs, making it impossible for them to exhale properly.  A 1986 article in the [[Journal of the American Medical Association]] states that the flogging of Jesus resulted in deep stripelike lacerations and significant [[blood]] loss, which probably resulted in [[Cardiogenic Shock|hypovolemic shock]] and [[pleural effusion]].  This probably accounts for Jesus being too weak to be able to carry the [[crossbar]] to [[Golgotha]] without help.  The hypovolemic shock and the marked difficulty in respiration, along with other contributing factors, were cited as the medical causes of Jesus' death.<ref>[http://www.biblicalrecorder.org/content/news/2005/3_25_2005/ne250305csi.shtml CSI Jerusalem: Death on an old wooden cross]</ref><ref>[http://the-crucifixion.org/ On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ]</ref>

When Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire in 313 AD, crucifixion was abandoned.  Other countries and areas of the world have used this form of punishment, but never to the extent as occurred during Roman times.

When Christianity became a legal religion within the Roman empire in 313 AD, crucifixion was abandoned.  Other countries and areas of the world have used this form of punishment, but never to the extent as occurred during Roman times.

==Johanan ben Ha-galgol==

==Johanan ben Ha-galgol==

[[Image:Johanan1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Modern demonstration of nail through the foot during a crucifixion (left); cast of the ankle bone of Johanan with embedded nail in place (right)]]

[[Image:Johanan1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Modern demonstration of nail through the foot during a crucifixion (left); cast of the ankle bone of Johanan with embedded nail in place (right)]]

In 1968 an ossuary was found near Jerusalem at Giv’at ha-Mivtar, and contained the remains of Johanan ben Ha-galgol, who was crucified by the Romans sometime in the 3rd century, A.D.  Among the evidence found was a 6-inch iron spike driven through the sides of his heels; the remains of an olive wood plank placed on his foot prior to nail being driven in was also found, evidently acting as a "washer" to prevent the victim from pulling his foot off the nail.  Nail marks were also found on the inner portion of the radius arm bones, and both legs were broken as per Roman practice.   [http://www.facingthechallenge.org/crucified.php]

In 1968 an ossuary was found near Jerusalem at Giv’at ha-Mivtar, and contained the remains of Johanan ben Ha-galgol, who was crucified by the Romans sometime in the 3rd century, A.D.  Among the evidence found was a 6-inch iron spike driven through the sides of his heels; the remains of an olive wood plank placed on his foot prior to nail being driven in was also found, evidently acting as a "washer" to prevent the victim from pulling his foot off the nail.  Nail marks were also found on the inner portion of the radius arm bones, and both legs were broken as per Roman practice. <ref>http://www.facingthechallenge.org/crucified.php</ref>

== See also ==

== See also ==

* [[Jesus' Crucifixion]]

* [[Jesus' Crucifixion]]

[[Category:Christianity]]

[[Category:Christianity]]

[[Category:Law]]

[[Category:Law]]