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'''Black history''' or '''African-American history''' is the history of the American population of black African descent, from the colonial period to the present. It was a narrow specialty until the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s made it a high priority for historical research and teaching. It is now one of the largest fields of American history.
'''Black history''' or '''African-American history''' is the history of the American population of black African descent, from the colonial period to the present. It was a narrow specialty until the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s made it a high priority for historical research and teaching. It is now one of the largest fields of American history. The history is one of struggle against slavery, segregation, racism and seconf class citizenship. The 2008 election of [[Barack Obama]] as president has been hailed as the culmination of the black struggle for political equality.
==American Colonial era==
==Colonial era==
see also [[Slavery]]
see also [[Slavery]]
see [[Jim Crow]]
see [[Jim Crow]]
[[Booker T. Washington]] (1856-1915) was the dominant political and educational leader of the African-American community 1890-1915. He is most famous for his inspiring autobiography, ''Up from Slavery,'' his leadership of black conservative business and religious leaders, his founding of Tuskeegee Institute as a college for technical training, and his emphasis on self-help and education as the cure for poverty and the second class status of blacks in America. In his "Atlanta Compromise" of 1895 Washington reluctantly accepted Jim Crow, segregation and disfranchisement in return for black freedom in economic, religious and cultural affairs. Washington was highly popular among top white leaders and most blacks, but his approach was attacked after 1909 as too conservative by [[W.E.B. DuBois]] and the [[NAACP]].
The most dramatic demographic change came after 1940, as most backs left the rural South--some for nearby southern cities, and most headed to large cities in the North and West. In the decade of the 1940s 1.6 million left the South; in the 1950s, 1.5 million, and in the 1960s 1.4 million. By 1970 there were very few back farmers left. Politically it was a movement from a white dominated rural South where few blacks could vote or speak out, to a pluralistic political environment where northern central cities were controlled by liberals and their allies in the labor unions.
The most dramatic demographic change came after 1940, as most backs left the rural South--some for nearby southern cities, and most headed to large cities in the North and West. In the decade of the 1940s 1.6 million left the South; in the 1950s, 1.5 million, and in the 1960s 1.4 million. By 1970 there were very few back farmers left. Politically it was a movement from a white dominated rural South where few blacks could vote or speak out, to a pluralistic political environment where northern central cities were controlled by liberals and their allies in the labor unions.
* Rawick, George P. ed. ''The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography'' (19 vols., (1972) oral histories with ex-slaves conducted in 1930s by [[WPA]]
* Rawick, George P. ed. ''The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography'' (19 vols., (1972) oral histories with ex-slaves conducted in 1930s by [[WPA]]
* Sernett, Milton C. ''African American Religious History: A Documentary Witness'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Afro-American-Religious-History-Documentary-Witness/dp/0822305941/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208662776&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Sernett, Milton C. ''African American Religious History: A Documentary Witness'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Afro-American-Religious-History-Documentary-Witness/dp/0822305941/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208662776&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Washington, Booker T. "The Awakening of the Negro," ''The Atlantic Monthly'', 78 (September, 1896).
* Washington, Booker T. ''[http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/menu.html Up from Slavery: An Autobiography]'' (1901).
* [http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/volumes.html ''The Booker T. Washington Papers''] [[University of Illinois Press]] online version of complete fourteen volume set of all letters to and from Booker T. Washington.
* Wright, Kai, ed. ''The African-American Archive: The History of the Black Experience Through Documents'' (2001)
* Wright, Kai, ed. ''The African-American Archive: The History of the Black Experience Through Documents'' (2001)