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{{Socialism sidebar|expanded=all}}'''Socialism''' refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the [[Image:Backrdv12n2.jpg|right|400px|thumb|The caption readsmeans of production]] and distribution of goods, "Long live and the great undefeatable flag creation of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin!"an [[egalitarianism|egalitarian]]society.<ref name="SocialismAVeryShortIntroduction"> ''Newman, Michael''. (2005) ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280431-6</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialism "Socialism"] ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'' uses government power to redistribute wealth. In Merriam Webster Online.</ref> Modern socialism originated in the late nineteenth-century [[totalitarianworking class]] countries such as political movement. [[USSRKarl Marx]], posited that socialism would be achieved via [[Chinaclass struggle]], and a [[Cubaproletarian revolution]], which represents the ''transitional'' stage between [[North Koreacapitalism]], etc., it has caused widespread shortages of basic goods and services[[communism]]. These <ref>Marx, Karl, ''Communist countries used an Manifesto, Penguin (2002)</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109587 "Socialism"] ''[[Iron CurtainEncyclopedia Britannica]]" to keep their citizens from emigrating''. Although this acts as a drag on the economy, in democratic countries of the industrialized west, some socialist ideas have been put into practice with varying degrees of success2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. </ref>

==Controversy==The ideology of '''Socialism''' is subject to a variety of interpretations. From a conservative perspective, socialism is an economic system whereby the means of production are seized and monopolized by the government without compensation to the builders of Socialists mainly share the belief that [[capitalcapitalism]], unfairly concentrates power and where investments, production, distribution, income, prices, and economic justice are administered by wealth among a government small segment of society that controls [[nomenklatura]] that regulate the transfer of money, goods capital (including economics)|capital goods), and services primarily through taxation and regularized and institutionalized aggressive coercion. However, the majority of socialists would reject this description. Democratic socialists advocate a system of governance based on the principles of [[solidarity]], and creates an [[social equality|unequal]] and [[liberty]], viewing these principles as interconnected, with increased socio-economic equality associated with increased practical freedom to fulfill human potentialsociety. In many countries, such as All socialists advocate the United Kingdom, socialist movements have been built on Christian and co-operative bases, embracing the notion that individuals should 'treat others as they would wish to be treated', and arguing that all individuals have a moral responsibility for the welfare creation of other members of their an egalitarian society. Socialism seeks to prioritize human welfare over other goals, such as profit and in which wealth accumulation by elites; it views increased redistribution of wealth as vital to securing greater freedom and happiness for the bulk of the peoplepower are distributed more evenly, and deplores the devastating effects of gross inequality on society in terms of increased crimealthough there is considerable disagreement among socialists over how, mental illness, unhappiness and lack of life chancesto what extent this could be achieved.<ref name="SocialismAVeryShortIntroduction"/>

As a political ideology based on In the expropriation of wealth1970s and the 1980s, Yugoslavian, Hungarian, Polish and Chinese Communists instituted various forms of [[market socialism stresses ]] combining co-operative and State ownership models with the privileges free market [[trade|exchange]].<ref>"Market socialism," ''Dictionary of the nomenklatura over the rights Social Sciences''. Craig Calhoun, ed. Oxford University Press 2002; and "Market socialism" ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of workers Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and earnersAlistair McMillan. Many Oxford University Press, 2003. See also [[Joseph Stiglitz]], "Whither Socialism?" Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995 for a recent analysis of the most notoriously oppressive dictatorships have been socialistmarket socialism model of mid–20th century economists [[Oskar R. Lange]], such as the [[Soviet UnionAbba P. Lerner]] , and [[National SocialistFred M. Taylor]] Germany. As an economic theory</ref> This is unlike the earlier theoretical market socialist proposal put forth by [[Oskar Lange]] in that it allows [[market]] forces, rather than central planners to guide [[Production theory basics|production]] and [[trade|exchange]].<ref>"Market socialism calls for redistribution of wealth, through taxation " ''Dictionary of private wealth coupled with the Social Sciences''. Craig Calhoun, ed. Oxford University Press 2002; and "Market socialism" ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003. See also [[Progressivism|progressiveJoseph Stiglitz]], " social policy or directly via Whither Socialism?" Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995 for a recent analysis of the market socialism model of mid–20th century economists [[nationalizationOskar R. Lange]] , [[Abba P. Lerner]], and public ownership of property without compensation to owners[[Fred M. Wage earners suffer under SocialismTaylor]].</ref> [[Anarcho-syndicalists]], [[Luxemburgists]] (such as it is hard to get paid those in a system that discourages private persons from accumulating incomethe [[Socialist Party USA]]) and some elements of the [[United States]] [[New Left]] favor decentralized collective ownership in the form of [[cooperatives]] or workers' councils.

Although socialist ideas such as the provision ==Origins of [[unemployment benefits]], state [[pension]]s, [[universal health care]], and state control of key industries have been common throughout the developed world in the modern era, the [[United States]] has tended to reject socialism as an ideological position. However, current political figures from the Democratic party, such as [[Barack Obama]] embrace many socialist ideals (such as "spreading the wealth") and are likely to try to implement them if given the opportunity. In other parts of the world, such as Europe, Africa, Asia, and South and Central America, there has generally been more explicit support for socialism as a doctrine, and socialist parties have been among the most successful political forces of the last 100 years. ==

While Etymologically, the English coinage '''socialism has often been [[atheistic]] in character, and many leading socialists ''' (most prominently Karl Marx1839) have been critical of derives from the role French '''socialisme''' (1832), the mainstream introduction of religion - and conservative religion in particular - which they criticize for lending support to an unjust social orderusage is attributed, some Socialists have been Christiansin France, and there has been considerable interplay between Christian and Socialist ideas. to [[Christian socialistsPierre Leroux]] have asserted that early Christian communities, in particular, displayed certain traits, such as the holding of possessions in common,<ref>Acts 2Leroux:44: "Everyone was filled with awesocialism is “the doctrine which would not give up any of the principles of Liberty, and many wonders and miraculous signs were done by Equality, Fraternity” of the apostles[[French Revolution]] of 1789. All the believers were together "Individualism and had everything in common. Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had need.socialism"(1834)</ref> the rejection of conventional sexual mores and gender rolesto [[Marie Roch Louis Reybaud]]; and in Britain to [[Robert Owen]] in 1827,{{fact}} father of the provision for communal education, etc[[cooperative movement]].<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, that could be considered similar to etymology of socialism. See, for instance, Arnold Toynbee, the British historian, has responded to this</ref><ref>Russell,Bertrand (1972). A History of Western Philosophy. Touchstone. p. 781</ref>

:"Western European social critics were the Marxian excerpt from a Christian Socialism is an experiment which is doomed to failure because it has denied itself the aid of the spiritual power which alone is capable of making Socialism a success. ….'Christianity'first, they saymodern socialists{{ndash}} [[Robert Owen]], 'is the opiate of the People'; and[[Charles Fourier]], in the [[Soviet UnionPierre-Joseph Proudhon]], [[Louis Blanc]]… Christianity or of any other theistic religion have been debarred… from admission to membership of the All-Union Communist Party. In fact, Communism has been definitely and militantly anti[[Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Christian. Thus Simon|Saint-Simon]], who criticised the campaign against Christianity which is to-day an integral part excessive poverty and inequality consequence of the propaganda of [[Marxian SocialismIndustrial Revolution]] is a challenge to , and advocated reform via the living generation of Christians …we latter-day Christians may still turn a Marxian attack upon Christianity to good account … a re-awakening egalitarian distribution of wealth and the Christian social conscience has been the one great positive practical achievement transformation of Karl Marx" <ref>Arnold Toynbee, society to small communities ''A Study of Historywithout'', Annex II to Volprivate property. V, Part C (i) (c) 2, p. 585Saint-586Simon delineated ''collectivist'' principles reorganizing society to so build socialism upon planned, Marxism, Socialism, and Christianity[[utopian]] communities.</ref>

Communist persecution notwithstandingLinguistically, the earliest Christians were decidedly living in a manner consistent with the aims contemporary connotation of the words '''socialism''' and '''communism''' accorded with the adherents' and opponents' cultural attitude towards Religion. Acts 4:32-5:11 not only describes community redistribution In Christian Europe, of propertythe two, but describes punishment ''communism'' was believed the [[atheism|atheist]] way of a husband life. In Protestant England, ''communism'' was too-culturally and wife for failing -aurally close to completely share the proceeds from selling their landPapist Roman Catholic [[Mass (liturgy)#The Communion Rite|communion rite]], hence English atheists denoted themselves '''socialists'''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|authorlink=Raymond Williams|title=[[Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|Keywords: a vocabulary of culture and society]]|publisher=Fontana|year=1976|id=0006334792}}</ref>

In 1847, Frederick Engels said Socialism was respectable on the Continent, while Communism was not; the [[MarxOwenites]], Karl|Karl Marxin England, and the [[Fourierists]] , in France, were considered socialism to be a transitory stage between capitalism and communism. In his view'''Socialists''', socialism is summed up by while working-class movements that "proclaimed the expression: necessity of total social change"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needsdenoted themselves '''Communists'''.This, latter branch of '''Socialism''', was " A major criticism powerful enough" to produce the communisms of socialism is that it infringes individual rights [[Étienne Cabet]], in favor of the populace. In a very real senseFrance, and [[Wilhelm Weitling]], politics in Germany.<ref>Engels, Frederick, ''Preface to the western world throughout 1888 English Edition of the 20th century was shaped by the conflict between socialist and capitalist governmental policiesCommunist Manifesto, p202.Penguin (2002)</ref>

Although socialist parties are common in Europe, the leading examples all currently embrace some free enterprise, individual property rights and certain other aspects of capitalism although leading European ==International Workingmen's Association{{ndash}} First International==[[Image:communist-manifesto.png|thumb|left|upright|Socialists are very critical made varying interpretations of America. In many European countries socialism has been changing to [[Social democracyThe Communist Manifesto]].]]

== BritainIn 1864, the Labour Party [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA){{ndash}} the '''First International'''{{ndash}} was founded in London. Londoner Victor le Lubez, a French radical republican, invited Karl Marx to participate ''as a representative of German workers''.<ref> [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/f/i.htm#iwma MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Organisations, ''First International (International Workingmen’s Association)'', accessed 5 July 2007 ]</ref> In 1865, the IWA had its preliminary conference, and its first congress, at Geneva, in 1866. Karl Marx was member of the committee; he and Johann Georg Eccarius, a London tailor, were ''the two mainstays of the International, from its inception to its end''; the [[First International]] was the premiere international forum promulgating socialism ==.

At its inceptionIn 1869, under the influence of Marx and Engels, the [[Labour Social Democratic Workers' Partyof Germany]] borrowed socialist ideas by committing itself to a program of nationalization under 'Clause 4was founded. In 1875, the SDW Party merged with the [[General German Workers' Association]], of their Constitution[[Ferdinand Lassalle]], but was always fundamentally committed metamorphosing to the British State and the contemporary [[Westminster modelGerman Social Democratic Party]] of parliamentary government(SPD). Clause 4 was formally dropped after Since the election of 1870s, in Germany, Socialism was associated with [[Tony Blairtrade unions]] as Party leader, signaling as the creation of 'New' Labour.<ref>http://newsSPD constituted trade unions, while, in Austria, France, and other countries, socialist parties and anarchists did like-wise.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2515000/2515825.stm</ref> The That ideologic development greatly contrasts with the British governments experience of 1945Socialism, wherein politically-1950 and 1950-1951 under moderate [[Clement AtleeNew Model Union]] implemented s dominated unionized labor from the nationalization of several industries and utilities, including coal, steel, watermid–nineteenth century, railways and electricity. The best known example is trade-unionism was stronger than the ''political'' labor movement, until appearance of the [[nationalization of health careLabour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the early twentieth century. The first U.S. socialist party was founded in 1876, then metamorphosed to create a Marxist party in 1890; the [[National Health ServiceSocialist Labor Party]] (NHS)exists today. This made - literally overnight - health care "free" at the point An early leader of delivery for everybody in Britainthe Socialist Labor Party was [[Daniel De Leon]] who had considerable influence beyond the United States as well.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

Since Socialists supported and advocated many branches of Socialism{{ndash}} from the election Gradualism of trade unions to government the radical Revolution of Marx and Engels to the Labour Party in 1997, many "[[progressiveAnarchist]]" measures have been introduced, such as the Minimum Wage, Child Tax Credits, union recognition legislation, increased maternity s emphasizing small-scale communities and paternity leave, the Child Trust Fund, refurbishment of [[council housingagrarianism]], free bus travel for the elderly, increased paid leave for ; all workers, free nurseryco-school places, existing with the most influential Marxism and large cuts in unemploymentSocial Democracy.<ref>[http://www.towerhamlets.labour.co.uk/a1c1ce9b-1488-7bb4-a528-14436f084ba3]</ref> In additionThe Anarchists, over a million children and a million pensioners have been [[lifted out of poverty]];{{fact}} however, many in led by the [[Labour Movement]] are extremely critical of [[New Labour]]'s tentative approach to reducing [[inequalityMikhail Bakunin]], believed Capitalism and are frustrated that State inseparable, neither can be abolished without abolishing the government has not been more willing to make the case to the public for the [[redistribution of wealth]]other.</font>

==World socialismThe Second International==

US liberal politicians often echo As the rhetoric ideas of [[world socialism]]: <ref>Before Congress adjourned last week on another of its lengthy holidaysMarx and Engels gained popularity, Speaker especially in Central Europe, Socialists united into an international organization, and founded the [[Nancy PelosiSecond International (politics)|Second International]] repeated a phrase she has previously used about the war in Iraq. She again referred to it as "1889, the Bush policy centennial of unending war in Iraqthe French Revolution; from 20 countries, 300 socialist and labor union organizations sent 384 delegates." <ref>[http://www.townhallmarxisthistory.comorg/columnistssubject/CalThomasusa/2007eam/05/29/unending_war Cal Thomassecondinternational.html ''The Second (Socialist) International 1889–1923''] Tuesday, May 29, accessed 12 July 2007 </ref>The ''Second International'' was denominated the '''Socialist International''' with Friedrich Engels its honorary third-congress president in 1893.

*"Because George W. Bush [In 1895, Engels said there now is] among the most menacing and belligerent [presidents] in American history. [He has] outlined a program of limitless and perpetual warfare''single, on every continentgenerally recognized, and against any regime that stands in the way crystal clear theory of the rapacious American ruling class.... like Hitler Marx'' and the Nazis, [[American militarism]] has embarked on a campaign of world conquest and world domination... [President Bush has issued] a declaration of the unbridled appetites of the military and of the most ruthless''single, corrupt and criminal sections great international army of the American ruling elite socialists''...Like Hitler, Bush presents an upside-down view of the world in which small and weak states are mortal threats to the most powerful and heavily armed..." (World Socialist Web Site, 31 January 2002)

== Criticism of socialism ==Socialism is often criticized Despite being outlawed in Germany by many peoplethe [[Anti-Socialist Laws]] of 1878, including the [[Bill O'ReillySocial Democratic Party of Germany]]masterfully used the limited, universal, male suffrage available to exercise the electoral strength necessary to compel rescindment of the Anti-Socialist laws in 1890. In his book <ref>Engels, 1895 Introduction to Marx's ''Class Struggles in France 1848–1850'Culture Warrior'''' O'Reilly starts </ref> In 1893, the book out by painting SPD received 1,787,000 votes, a bleak picture quarter of what America would look like with a socialistic governmentthe votes cast. He states problems such as lawlessnessBefore the SPD published Engels's 1895 introduction to Marx's ''Class Struggles in France 1848–1850'', lack of morals and ethics and an overbearing politically correct "feel good" governmentthey deleted phrases felt too-revolutionary for mainstream readers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XPY4AAAACAAJ&dq=Culture+Warrior |title=Google books |accessdate=2008-02-22}}cf Footnote 449 in ''Marx Engels Collected Works'' on Engels' 1895 Introduction to Marx's ''Class Struggles in France 1848–1850''</ref>

Socialism is usually considered by most to be Karl Marx believed possible a weaker form peaceful, socialist transformation of England, ''despite'' the British Aristocracy and Ruling Class revolting against such a communistic governmentpopular victory.<ref>In England, "Insurrection would be madness where a small few control peaceful agitation would more swiftly and impose their beliefs onto other peoplesurely do the work. For example.. But, mark me, Europe is used as an example of socialism. Most of the region is controlled by the [[European Union]] who impose restricts soon as it finds itself outvoted on religion and freedom of speech while promoting an what it considers vital questions, we shall see here a new slave owners's war"equal" and [[Political correctness|politically correct]] society.==Other Socialist Countries (Current )====[[Cubahttp://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/media/marx/71_07_18.htm ''Interview with Karl Marx, Head of L'Internationale, by R. Landor'']]==Communist leader [[Fidel Castro]] violently overthrew New York World, 18 July 1871.</ref> Whereas the Cuban government in the 1950's United States and has declared Cuba to be Communist since thenHolland might also effect peaceful transformations, not France; Marx thought it had ''perfected . Today. . an enormous, Cuba faces copious economic problems bureaucratic and the people lack their Fundamental Rights. ([[Raul Castro]] now runs the countrymilitary organization, having taken with its ingenious State machinery'' that required forcible deposition; nevertheless, with Karl Marx only eight years dead, Engels said it over from his ailing brother Fidelwas possible to achieve a peaceful, socialist revolution in France.)<ref>Fischer, Ernst, ''Marx in his own words'', p135, quoting from Marx, ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte''</ref>

==North Korea=World War I===

North Korea's form of communism is When [[World War I]] began in 1914, most European socialists supported the form bellicose aims of "Juche" - a doctrine established by Kim Il Sung and carried on by current leader Kim Jong Iltheir national governments. The country has little to no electrical power at night outside the capitalBritish, which can be verified by looking at nighttime satellite photos. <ref>http://epod.usra.edu/archive/epodviewerFrench, Belgian, and German social democratic parties discarded their political commitments to [[internationalism|proletarian internationalism]] and worker solidarity to co-operate with their imperial governments.php3?oid=87488</ref>

==Different strands of socialism==*In Russia, N. Lenin denounced the Europeans' Great War war as an [[Communismimperialist]]*conflict, and urged workers, worldwide, to use the war as occasion for [[Social democracyproletarian]]*revolution. The Second International dissolved during the war; Lenin, Leon Trotsky, [[National socialismKarl Liebknecht]] (Nazism)*, and [[FascismRosa Luxemburg]], and other anti-war Marxists conferred in the [[Zimmerwald Conference]] in September 1915.

==ReferencesThe Revolutions of 1917–23==[[Image:Stalin Lenin jk.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Lenin]] (background) and [[Joseph Stalin]].]] By the year 1917, the ''third'' year of a ninety-day war, the patriotism propelling the [[First World War]] metamorphosed to political radicalism in most of Europe, the United States (cf. [[Socialism in the United States]]), and Australia. In February, popular revolution exploded in Russia when workers, soldiers, and peasants established '''soviets''' (councils) wielding executive power in a Provisional Government valid until convocation of a [[Constituent Assembly]]. In April, Lenin arrived in Russia from Germany, calling for ''All power to the soviets''. In October, his party (the Bolsheviks) won support of most soviets while he and Trotsky simultaneously led the [[October Revolution]]. On 25 October 1917, at the Petrograd Soviet, Lenin declared "Long live the world socialist revolution!"<ref>Lenin, ''Meeting of the Petrograd Soviet of workers and soldiers' deputies 25 October 1917'', Collected works, Vol 26, p239. Lawrence and Wishart, (1964)</ref> On 26 October, the day after assuming executive power, Lenin wrote ''Draft Regulations on Workers' Control'', which granted workers control of businesses with more than five workers and office employees, and access to all books, documents, and stocks, and whose decisions were to be "binding upon the owners of the enterprises".<ref>Lenin, ''Collected Works'', Vol 26, pp. 264–5. Lawrence and Wishart (1964)</ref> Immediately, the Bolshevik Government nationalised banks, most industry, and disavowed the national debts of the deposed [[Romanov]] royal régime; it governed via elected soviets; and it sued for peace and withdrew from the First World War. Despite that, the peasant [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Socialist-Revolutionary]] (SR) Party won the [[Constituent Assembly]] against the Bolshevik Party, who then acted resolutely the next day.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caplan|first=Brian|title=Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions, IV|publisher=George Mason University|url=http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/his1d.htm|format=HTML|accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> The Constituent Assembly convened for thirteen hours (16.00 hrs 5 Jan – 4.40 hrs 6 Jan 1918). Socialist-Revolutionary Leader [[Victor Chernov]] was elected President of a Russian republic; next day, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly.<ref> Payne, Robert; "The Life and Death of Lenin", Grafton: paperback pp. 425–440</ref> The Bolshevik Russian Revolution of October 1917 engendered Communist parties worldwide, and their concomitant [[revolutions of 1917-23]]. Few Communists, then, doubted that the Russian success of Socialism depended upon successful, working-class socialist revolutions effected in developed capitalist-economy countries;<ref>Bertil, Hessel, Introduction, ''Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the first four congresses of the Third International'', pxiii, Ink Links (1980)</ref><ref> ''We have always proclaimed, and repeated, this elementary truth of Marxism, that the victory of socialism requires the joint efforts of workers in a number of advanced countries''. Lenin, ''Sochineniya'' (Works), 5th ed. Vol. XLIV p. 418, Feb 1922. (Quoted by Mosche Lewin in ''Lenin's Last Struggle'', p. 4. Pluto (1975))</ref> thus, in 1919, Lenin and Trotsky organised the world's Communist parties into a new ''international association of workers''{{ndash}} the [[Communist International]], the '''Comintern''', also denominated the '''Third International'''. In November 1918, the [[German Revolution]] deposed the monarchy; as in Russia, the councils of workers and soldiers were comprised mostly of [[SPD]] and USPD (Independent Social Democrats) revolutionaries installed to office as the [[Weimar republic]]; the SPD were in power, led by [[Friedrich Ebert]]. In January 1919. the left-wing [[Spartacist uprising|Spartacist Putsch]] challenged the SPD government, and President Ebert ordered the Army and [[Freikorps]] mercenaries to violently suppress the Workers' and Soldiers' councils. In the event, Communist leaders [[Karl Liebknecht]] and [[Rosa Luxemburg]] were captured and summarilly executed. Also that year, in Bavaria, the Communist régime of [[Kurt Eisner]] in [[Bavaria]] was so suppressed. In Hungary, [[Béla Kun]] briefly headed a Hungarian Communist government. Throughout, popular socialist revolutions in [[Vienna]], Italy's northern industrial cities, the German Ruhr (1920) and Saxony (1923); all failed in spreading revolutionary socialism to Europe's advanced, capitalist countries. In Russia, Socialist circumstances were desperate; in August 1918, assassin [[Fanya Kaplan]] shot Lenin in the neck, leaving him with wounds from which he never fully recovered. Earlier, in June, the Soviet Government had implemented [[War Communism]] to manage the foreign economic boycott of Russia, and invasions by Imperial Germany, Imperial Britain, the U.S., and France, interfering in the Russian Civil War beside royalist White Russians; to control starvation, private business was outlawed, strikers could be shot, the white collar classes were forced to work manually, and, from the peasantry, they required grain for workers in cities. By 1920, as Red Army commander, Trotsky had mostly defeated the royalist White Armies. In 1921, War Communism was ended, and, under the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP), private ownership was allowed for small and medium peasant enterprises; industry remained State-controlled, Lenin acknowledged that the NEP was a necessary capitalist measure for a country mostly unripe for Socialism, thus, the existence of NEP businessmen and NEP women (NEP Men) flourished,<ref>[http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1924nepmen&Year=1924 ''Soviet history: NEPmen'']</ref> and the [[Kulak]]s gained capitalist power as rich peasants. In 1923, on seeing the Soviet State's greatly coercive power, the dying Lenin said Russia had reverted to ''a bourgeois tsarist machine . . . barely varnished with socialism''.<ref>Serge, Victor, ''From Lenin to Stalin'', p. 55.</ref> After his death (January 1924), the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]{{ndash}} then controlled by Joseph Stalin{{ndash}} rejected the theory that socialism could not be built solely in the U.S.S.R., and declared the [[Socialism in One Country]] policy. Despite the marginal [[Left Opposition]]'s demanding restoration of Soviet Democracy,<ref>Serge, Victor, ''From Lenin to Stalin'', p. 52.</ref> Stalin developed a bureaucratic, [[authoritarian]] government, that was condemned by Democratic Socialists, Anarchists, [[Trotskyists]], ''et alles'', for undermining the initial Socialist ideals of the Bolshevik Russian Revolution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brinton|first=Maurice|authorlink=Maurice Brinton|title=The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control 1917–1921 : The State and Counter-revolution|publisher=[[Solidarity (UK)|Solidarity]]|year=1975|url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001861/bolintro.html|format=HTML|accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> ==The inter-war era and World War II==[[Image:Stalin1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Stalin]]]]The [[October revolution|Russian Revolution]] of October 1917 brought about the definitive ideological division between Communists as denoted with a capital "C" on the one hand and other communist and socialist trends such as anarcho-communists and social democrats, on the other. The [[Left Opposition]] in the Soviet Union gave rise to [[Trotskyism]] which was to remain isolated and insignificant for another fifty years, except in Sri Lanka where Trotskyism gained the majority and the pro-Moscow wing was expelled from the Communist Party. In 1922, the fourth congress of the [[Communist International]] took up the policy of the [[United Front]], urging Communists to work with rank and file Social Democrats while remaining critical of their leaders, who they criticized for "betraying" the working class by supporting the war efforts of their respective capitalist classes. For their part, the social democrats pointed to the dislocation caused by revolution, and later, the growing authoritarianism of the Communist Parties. When the Communist Party of Great Britain applied to affiliate to the Labour Party in 1920 it was turned down. ==Socialism after World War II== In 1945, the world’s three great powers met at the Yalta Conference to negotiate an amicable and stable peace. UK Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] joined USA President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]], General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee. With the relative decline of Britain compared to the two superpowers, the USA and the Soviet Union, however, many viewed the world as "bi-polar"{{ndash}} a world with two irreconcilable and antagonistic political and economic systems. Many termed the Soviet Union "socialist", not least the Soviet Union itself, but also commonly in the USA, China, Eastern Europe, and many parts of the world where Communist Parties had gained a mass base. In addition, scholarly critics of the Soviet Union, such as economist [[Friedrich Hayek]] were commonly cited as critics of socialism.This view was not universally shared, particularly in Europe, and especially in Britain, where the Communist Party was very weak. In 1951, British Health Minister [[Aneurin Bevan]] expressed the view that, "It is probably true that Western Europe would have gone socialist after the war if Soviet behaviour had not given it too grim a visage. Soviet Communism and Socialism are not yet sufficiently distinguished in many minds."<ref>Bevan, Aneurin, ''In Place of Fear'', p 63, p91</ref> ===Chinese socialism===[[Image:LittleRedBook.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Little Red Book]]'s 5 to 6.5 billion copies might be a world record.]]In 1949, the [[Chinese Revolution]] established a Communist state in China. Criticizing the invasion and trade embargo of the young Soviet state, Bevan wrote "At the moment it looks as though the United States is going to repeat the same folly in China... You cannot starve a national revolution into submission. You can starve it into a repressive dictatorship; you can starve it to the point where the hellish logic of the police state takes charge."<ref>Bevan, Aneurin, ''In Place of Fear'', p63</ref> ===Elsewhere===In 1951, the [[Socialist International]] was refounded by the European social democratic parties. It declared: "Communism has split the International Labour Movement and has set back the realisation of Socialism in many countries for decades... Communism falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition. In fact it has distorted that tradition beyond recognition. It has built up a rigid theology which is incompatible with the critical spirit of Marxism."<ref name = "socialist-Frankfurt Declaration"> [http://www.socialistinternational.org/5Congress/1-FRANKFURT/Frankfurtdecl-e.html The Frankfurt Declaration]</ref>In the postwar years, socialism became increasingly influential throughout the so-called [[Third World]]. Countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America frequently adopted socialist economic programs. In many instances, these nations nationalized industries held by foreign owners. The Soviet Union had become a superpower through its adoption of a planned economy, albeit at enormous human cost. This achievement seemed hugely impressive from the outside, and convinced many nationalists in the former colonies, not necessarily communists or even socialists, of the virtues of state planning and state-guided models of social development. This was later to have important consequences in countries like [[China]], [[India]] and [[Egypt]], which tried to import some aspects of the Soviet model. The last quarter of the twentieth century marked a period of major crisis for Communists in the Soviet Union and the [[Eastern bloc]], where the growing shortages of housing and consumer goods, combined with the lack of individual rights to assembly and speech, began to disillusion more and more Communist party members. With the rapid collapse of Communist party rule in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991, the Soviet version of socialism has effectively disappeared as a worldwide political force. ===Social Democracy in power===[[Image:Attlee BW cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Clement Attlee]], U.K. Prime Minister, Labour Party government, 1945–51]] In 1945, the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], led by [[Clement Attlee]], was elected to office based upon a radical, socialist program. Socialist and Communist parties dominated the post-war French, Italian, Czehchoslovak, Belgian, Norwegian, and other, governments. In Sweden, the [[Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti|Social Democratic Party]] held power from 1936 to 1976 and then again from 1982 to 1991 and from 1994 to 2006. Labour parties governed Australia and New Zealand. In Germany, the Social Democrats lost in 1949. In Eastern Europe, the war-resistance unity, between '''Social Democrats''' and '''Communists''', continued in the immediate postwar years, until Stalin imposed "Communist" régimes. At first, '''Social Democracy''' held the view of having begun a ''serious assault'' against '''Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness''', the five '''Giant Evils''' afflicting the working class, identified by the British social reformer [[William Beveridge]];<ref> cf Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'', Politico, 2007, p243. "Idleness" meant unemployment, and hence the starvation of the worker and his/her family. It was not then a pejorative term. Unemployment benefit, as well as national insurance and hence state pensions, were introduced by the 1945 Labour government.</ref> however, from the Labour Party's left wing, [[Aneurin Bevan]], who had introduced the Labour Party’s National Health Service in 1948, criticised the Attlee Government for not progressing further, demanding that the ''main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction'' with economic planning, criticising the implementation of nationalization for not empowering the workers, in the nationalised industries, with democratic control of operations. ''In Place of Fear'', the most widely read socialist book of the period,<ref>Crosland, Anthony, ''The Future of Socialism'', p52</ref> Bevan begins: ''A young miner in a South Wales colliery, my concern was with one practical question: Where does the power lie in this particular state of Great Britain, and how can it be attained by the workers?''<ref>Bevan, Aneurin, ''In Place of Fear'' p.50, pp.126–128, p.21 MacGibbon and Kee, second edition (1961)</ref> The ''Frankfurt Declaration'' of the re-founded Socialist International stated: {{cquote2| 1. From the nineteenth century onwards, Capitalism has developed immense productive forces. It has done so at the cost of excluding the great majority of citizens from influence over production. It put the rights of ownership before the rights of Man. It created a new class of wage-earners without property or social rights. It sharpened the struggle between the classes. Although the world contains resources, which could be made to provide a decent life for everyone, Capitalism has been incapable of satisfying the elementary needs of the world’s population. It proved unable to function without devastating crises and mass unemployment. It produced social insecurity and glaring contrasts between rich and poor. It resorted to imperialist expansion and colonial exploitation, thus making conflicts, between nations and races, more bitter. In some countries, powerful capitalist groups helped the barbarism of the past to raise its head again in the form of Fascism and Nazism.| The Frankfurt Declaration 1951<ref name = "socialist-Frankfurt Declaration"/>}} The post-war social democrat governments introduced social reform and wealth redistribution via state welfare and taxation. The new U.K. Labour Government effected the [[nationalization]]s of major public utilities such as mines, gas, coal, electricity, rail, iron, steel, and the Bank of England.<ref>British Petroleum, privatized in 1987, was officially nationalised in 1951 per government archives [http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Nationalisation_of_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company%2C_1951] with further government intervention during the 1974–79 Labour Government, cf 'The New Commanding Height: Labor Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas, 1964–74' in ''Contemporary British History'', Volume 16, Issue 1 Spring 2002 , pages 89–118. Elements of these entities already were in public hands. Later Labour re-nationalised steel (1967, British Steel) after Conservatives de-nationalized it, and nationalized car production (1976, British Leyland), [http://www.uksteel.org.uk/history.htm]. In 1977, major aircraft companies and shipbuilding were nationalised</ref> To wit, France claimed to be the world's most State-controlled, capitalist country.<ref>The nationalized public utilities include CDF (Charbonnages de France), EDF (Électricité de France), GDF (Gaz de France), airlines (Air France), banks (Banque de France), and Renault (Régie Nationale des Usines Renault) [http://www.sund.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/trente1.htm].</ref> In the U.K., the National Health Service provided free health care to all of the British population. Working-class housing was provided in council housing estates, and university education available via a school grant system. Ellen Wilkinson, Minister for Education, introduced free milk in schools, sayining, in a 1946 Labor Party conference: ''Free milk will be provided in Hoxton and Shoreditch, in Eton and Harrow. What more social equality can you have than that?'' To wit, Clement Attlee's biographer says this ''contributed enormously to the defeat of childhood illnesses resulting from bad diet. Generations of poor children grew up stronger and healthier, because of this one, small, and inexpensive act of generosity, by the Attlee government''.<ref>Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'', p247. Politico's (2007)</ref> In 1956, [[Anthony Crosland]] said that 25 per cent of British industry was nationalized, and that public employees, including those in nationalised industries, constituted a like percentage of the country's total employed population.<ref>Crosland, Anthony, ''The Future of Socialism'', pp.9, 89. Constable (2006)</ref> Yet the Social Democrats did not seek ending capitalism; national outlook and dedication to the “post-war order” prevented nationalization of the industrial commanding heights, as Lenin put it. In 1945, they were denominated '''socialist''', but, in the U.K., Social Democrats were the parliamentary majority, ''The government had not the smallest intention of bringing in the ‘common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange’'' as written in [[Clause 4]] of the Labor Party Constitution;<ref name = "Beckett-p243">Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'', Politico, 2007, p243</ref> nevertheless, Crosland said Capitalism had ended: ''To the question, ‘Is this still capitalism?’, I would answer ‘No’.''<ref> Crosland, Anthony, ''The Future of Socialism'' p46. Constable (2006)</ref> In 1959, the German [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] adopted the [[Godesberg Program]], rejecting [[class struggle]] and [[Marxism]]. In 1980, with the rise of conservative [[neoliberal]] politicians such as [[Ronald Reagan]], in the U.S., [[Margaret Thatcher]], in Britain, and [[Brian Mulroney]], in Canada, the Western, '''socialist welfare state''' was attacked from within. As Education Secretary of the Conservative Government, 1970–1974, Margaret Thatcher ''abolished'' free milk for school children; thus, [[monetarism|monetarists]] and [[neoliberalism|neoliberals]] attacked '''social welfare systems''' as impediments to ''private'' entrepreneurship at public expense. In the 1980s and 1990s, Western European Socialists were pressured to reconcile their collectivist economic programmes with a free-market-based communal European economy. In the U.K., the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] struggled much; its epitome is [[Neil Kinnock]]’s passionate and public attack against the Party's [[Militant Tendency]] at a Labour Party conference, and his repudiation of the demands of the defeated striking miners after a year-long strike against pit closures. In the 1990s, released from the Left's progressive pressure, the Labour Party, under [[Tony Blair]], posited policies based upon the free market economy to deliver ''public services'' via ''private'' contractors. In 1989, at Stockholm, the 18th Congress of the Socialist International adopted a ''Declaration of Principles'', saying that ''Democratic socialism is an international movement for freedom, social justice, and solidarity. Its goal is to achieve a peaceful world where these basic values can be enhanced and where each individual can live a meaningful life with the full development of his or her personality and talents, and with the guarantee of human and civil rights in a democratic framework of society''.<ref>[http://www.socialistinternational.org/4Principles/dofpeng2.html Socialist International - Progressive Politics For A Fairer World<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> The objectives of the Party of European Socialists, the European Parliament's '''Socialist Bloc''', are ''to pursue international aims in respect of the principles on which the European Union is based, namely principles of freedom, equality, solidarity, democracy, respect of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and respect for the Rule of Law''. Today, the rallying cry of the French Revolution{{ndash}} Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity{{ndash}} now constitute essential socialist values''.<ref>R Goodin and P Pettit (eds), ''A to contemporary political philosophy''</ref> In 1995, the British Labour Party revised its political aims: ''The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. It believes that, by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create, for each of us, the means to realise our true potential, and, for all of us, a community in which power, wealth, and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few'';<ref>[http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies Labour Party Clause Four]</ref> famously, Cabinet minister [[Herbert Morrison]] said, ''Socialism is what the Labour Government does''.<ref name = "Beckett-p243"/> ==Socialism in the 21st century==[[Image:HugoChavez1824.jpeg|thumb|[[Hugo Chavez]]]][[Image:Vladimir Putin with Kim Jong-Il-2.jpg|thumb|[[North Korea]] is one of the remaining officially socialist states. Dear Leader [[Kim Jong-il]], with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2000.]]{{Cquote2|Those who want to go directly to hell, they can follow capitalism. And those of us who want to build heaven here on earth, we will follow socialism.|[[Hugo Chávez]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6438753.stm "Chavez launches biting US attack"] ''BBC News'', March 11 2007</ref>}} In some Latin American countries, socialism has re-emerged in recent years, with an [[anti-imperialist]] stance, the rejection of the policies of [[neo-liberalism]] and the [[nationalisation]] or part nationalisation of oil production, land and other assets. Venezuelan President [[Hugo Chávez]] and Bolivian President [[Evo Morales]], for instance, refer to their political programs as socialist. Chávez has coined the term "21st century socialism" (sometimes translated more literally as "[[Socialism of the 21st century]]"). After winning re-election in December 2006, President Chávez said, "Now more than ever, I am obliged to move Venezuela's path towards socialism."<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-07-09-voa37.cfm ''Many Venezuelans Uncertain About Chavez' '21st century Socialism' ''], Voice of America, Washington 9 July 2007. Accessed 12 July 2007</ref> In the developing world, some elected socialist parties and communist parties remain prominent, particularly in India and Nepal. The Communist Party of Nepal in particular calls for multi-party democracy, social equality, and economic prosperity.<ref>[http://www.cpnm.org/ ''Communist Party of Nepal' '']</ref> In China, the Chinese Communist Party has led a transition from the command economy of the Mao period to an economic program they term the [[socialist market economy]] or "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics]]." Under [[Deng Xiaoping]], the leadership of China embarked upon a program of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s [[perestroika]] program of the late 1980s. Deng's program, however, maintained state ownership rights over land, state or cooperative ownership of much of the heavy industrial and manufacturing sectors and state influence in the banking and financial sectors. In South Africa the ANC abandoned its partial socialist allegiances on taking power and followed a standard neo-liberal route. But from 2005 through to 2007 the country was wracked by many thousands of protests from poor communities. One of these gave rise to a mass movement of shack dwellers, [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] that, despite major police suppression, continues to advocate for popular people's planning and against the marketization of land and housing. Communist candidate Dimitris Christofias won a crucial presidential runoff in Cyprus, defeating his conservative rival with a majority of 53%.<ref>[http://www.elpasotimes.com/nationworld/ci_835244 ''Christofias wins Cyprus presidency' '']</ref> The Left Party in Germany has also grown in popularity.<ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/feb2008/hess-f15.shtml ''Germany’s Left Party woos the SPD' '']</ref> [[African socialism]] continues to be a major ideology around the continent. [[List of socialist countries]]:*{{flagicon|China}} [[People's Republic of China]] (since 1949); [[Communist Party of China]] *{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuba|Republic of Cuba]] ([[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, socialist state declared in 1961); [[Communist Party of Cuba]];*{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (since 1948); [[Workers Party of Korea|Korean Workers' Party]] officially describes itself as a socialist republic governed according to the ideology of [[Juche]], which is derived from Marxist-Leninist theory.<ref>{{cite web|title=On the Juche Idea|author=Kim Jong-Il|url=http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/062nd_issue/98092410.htm#4.%20THE%20GUIDING%20PRINCIPLES%20OF%20THE%20JUCHE%20IDEA|date=31 March 1982|accessdate=2007-01-03}}</ref>*{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laos|Lao People's Democratic Republic]] (since 1975); [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]*{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] (since 1976); [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (ruled the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] since 1954) ==Socialism as an economic system== {{See also|Socialist economics}} Economically, '''socialism''' denotes an economic system of '''state ownership''' and / or '''worker ownership''' of the means of production and distribution. In the U.S.S.R., state ownership of the means of production was combined with central planning{{ndash}} what goods and services to make and provide, how they were to be produced, the quantities, and the sale prices (cf. [[Economy of the Soviet Union]]). Soviet economic planning was an alternative to allowing the market ([[supply and demand]]) to determine prices and production. During the [[Great Depression]], socialists considered Soviet-style planned economies the remedy to Capitalism's inherent flaws{{ndash}} [[monopoly]], [[business cycle]]s, [[unemployment]], unequally distributed wealth, and the economic exploitation of workers. In the West, neoclassical [[economic liberalism|liberal]] economists, e.g. [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]], said that socialist planned economies would fail, because planners could not have the business information inherent to a market economy (cf. [[economic calculation problem]]), nor would managers in Soviet-style socialist economies match the motivation of profit. Consequent to Soviet economic stagnation in the 1970s and 1980s, socialists began to accept parts of their critique. Polish economist [[Oskar Lange]], an early proponent of "[[market socialism]]", proposed a Central Planning Board establishing prices and controls of investment. The prices of producer goods would be determined through trial and error. The prices of consumer goods would be determined by supply and demand, with the supply coming from state-owned firms that would set their prices equal to the [[marginal cost]], as in [[perfect competition|perfectly competitive]] markets. The Central Planning Board would distribute a "social dividend" to ensure reasonable income equality.<ref name="Rosser">John Barkley Rosser and Marina V. Rosser, ''Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy'' (Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press, 2004).</ref>  In Western Europe, particularly in the period after [[World War II]], many socialist parties in government implemented what became known as ''mixed economies''.<ref>For instance, in the biography of the 1945 Labour Party Prime Minister Clem Attlee, Beckett states "the government... wanted what would become known as a mixed economy". Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'', (2007) Politico's. Beckett also makes the point that "Everyone called the 1945 government 'socialist'."</ref> These governments [[Nationalisation|nationalised]] major and economically vital industries while permitting a free market to continue in the rest. These were most often monopolistic or infrastructural industries like mail, railways, power and other utilities. In some instances a number of small, competing and often relatively poorly financed companies in the same sector were nationalised to form one government monopoly for the purpose of competent management, of economic rescue (in the UK, [[British Leyland]], Rolls Royce), or of competing on the world market.<ref> In the UK, [[British Aerospace]] was a combination of major aircraft companies [[British Aircraft Corporation]], [[Hawker Siddeley]] and others. [[British Shipbuilders]] was a combination of the major shipbuilding companies including [[Cammell Laird]], [[Govan Shipbuilders]], [[Swan Hunter]], and [[Yarrow Shipbuilders]]</ref> Typically, this was achieved through compulsory purchase of the industry (i.e. with compensation). For example in the UK the nationalization of the coal mines in 1947 created a coal board charged with running the coal industry commercially so as to be able to meet the interest payable on the bonds which the former mine owners' shares had been converted into.<ref> {{cite book |authorlink=Socialist Party of Great Britain |author=Socialist Party of Great Britain |title=The Strike Weapon: Lessons of the Miners’ Strike |publisher=Socialist Party of Great Britain |location=London |year=1985 |url=http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/pdf/ms.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hardcastle |first=Edgar |authorlink=Edgar Hardcastle |title=The Nationalisation of the Railways |journal=Socialist Standard |volume=43 |issue=1 |publisher=Socialist Party of Great Britain |year=1947 |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/1947/02/railways.htm |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>  Some socialists propose various decentralized, worker-managed economic systems. One such system is the "cooperative economy," a largely free [[market economy]] in which workers manage the firms and democratically determine remuneration levels and labor divisions. Productive resources would be legally owned by the [[cooperative]] and rented to the workers, who would enjoy [[usufruct]] rights.<ref>For more information on the cooperative economy, see Jaroslav Vanek, ''The Participatory Economy'' (Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press, 1971).</ref> Another, more recent, variant is "[[participatory economics]]," wherein the economy is planned by decentralized councils of workers and consumers. Workers would be remunerated solely according to effort and sacrifice, so that those engaged in dangerous, uncomfortable, and strenuous work would receive the highest incomes and could thereby work less.<ref>For more information on participatory economics, see [[Michael Albert]] and [[Robin Hahnel]], ''The Political Economy of Participatory Economics'' (Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1991).</ref> Some Marxists and Anarcho-communists also propose a worker managed economy based on workers councils, however unlike participatory economics in Anarcho communism workers are remunerated according to their needs (which are largely self determined in an anarcho communist system). Recently socialists have also been working with the [[Technocracy movement]] to promote such concepts as [[Energy Accounting]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} ==Socialism and social and political theory== Doctrinally, Marxist and non-Marxist social theorists agree that '''Socialism''' developed in reaction to '''modern industrial capitalism''', but disagree on the nature of their relationship. [[Émile Durkheim]] posits that socialism is rooted in the desire to bring the State closer to the realm of individual activity, in countering the [[anomie]] of a Capitalist society. In socialism, [[Max Weber]] saw acceleration of the rationalization started in Capitalism. As critic of Socialism, he warned that placing the economy entirely in the State's bureaucratic control would result in an ''[[iron cage]] of future bondage''. In the middle of the twentieth century, Socialist intellectuals retained much influence in European philosophy; ''[[Eros and Civilization]]'' (1955), by [[Herbert Marcuse]], explicitly attempts merging Marxism with [[Freudianism]]; and the social science of [[Structuralism]] much influenced the socialist [[New Left]] in the 1960s and the 1970s. ==Criticisms of socialism== {{Main|Criticisms of socialism}} Criticisms of socialism range from claims that socialist economic and political models are inefficient or incompatible with civil liberties to condemnation of specific [[socialist state]]s. There is much focus on the economic performance and human rights records of [[Communist state]]s, although some{{who?}} proponents of socialism reject the categorization of such states as socialist. In the [[Economic calculation problem|economic calculation debate]], [[classical liberalism|classical liberal]] [[Friedrich Hayek]] argued that a socialist [[command economy]] could not adequately transmit information about prices and productive quotas due to the lack of a [[price mechanism]], and as a result it could not make rational economic decisions. [[Ludwig von Mises]] argued that a socialist economy was not possible at all. Hayek further argued that the social control over distribution of wealth and private property advocated by socialists cannot be achieved without reduced prosperity for the general populace, and a loss of political and economic freedoms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich |authorlink=Friedrich Hayek|title=[[The Road to Serfdom]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|edition=50th anniversary ed.|year=1994|isbn=0-226-32061-8}}</ref><ref>Hans-Hermann Hoppe. [http://www.mises.org/etexts/Soc&Cap.pdf ''A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism'']. Kluwer Academic Publishers. page 46 in PDF.</ref> Hayek's views were echoed by [[Winston Churchill]] in an electoral broadcast prior to the [[United Kingdom general election, 1945|British general election of 1945]]:<blockquote>''. . . a socialist policy is abhorrent to the British ideas of freedom. Socialism is inseparably interwoven with totalitarianism and the object worship of the state. It will prescribe for every one where they are to work, what they are to work at, where they may go and what they may say. Socialism is an attack on the right to breathe freely. No socialist system can be established without a political police. They would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance''.<ref>Alan O. Ebenstein. ''Friedrich Hayek: A Biography.'' (2003). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226181502 p.137</ref></blockquote> ==See also== {{commonscat}}* [[Anti-globalization]]* [[Anti-capitalism]]* [[Class struggle]]* [[Communism]]* [[Dictatorship of the proletariat]]* [[Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism]]* [[History of socialism]]* [[History of socialism in Great Britain]]* [[Industrial revolution]]* [[Labour movement]]* [[List of socialist songs]]* [[List of socialist countries]]* [[Marxism]]* [[Proletariat]]* [[Proletarian revolution]]* [[Social democracy]]* [[Socialist state]]* [[Socialism in the United States]]* [[Syndicalism]]* [[To each according to his contribution]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References and further reading==* Guy Ankerl, ''Beyond Monopoly Capitalism and Monopoly Socialism'', Cambridge MA: Schenkman, 1978.* Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'', Politico's (2007) 978-1842751923* G.D.H. Cole, ''History of Socialist Thought, in 7 volumes'', Macmillan and St. Martin's Press, 1965; Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 reprint; 7 volumes, hardcover, 3160 pages, ISBN 1-4039-0264-X.* [[Friedrich Engels]], ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'', Pathfinder; 2r.e. edition (December 1989) 978-0873485791* [[Friedrich Engels]], ''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'', Zurich, 1884. {{LCC|HQ504 .E6}}* Albert Fried and Ronald Sanders, eds., ''Socialist Thought: A Documentary History'', Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1964. {{LCCN|64|0|11312}}.* [http://www.selvesandothers.org/view804.html Phil Gasper], ''The Communist Manifesto: A Road Map to History's Most Important Political Document'', [http://www.haymarketbooks.org/Merchant2/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=Haymarket&Product_Code=MSACM Haymarket Books], paperback, 224 pages, 2005. ISBN 1-931859-25-6.* [[Élie Halévy]], ''Histoire du Socialisme Européen''. Paris, Gallimard, 1948.* [[Michael Harrington]], ''Socialism'', New York: Bantam, 1972. {{LCCN|76||154260}}.* [[Jesús Huerta de Soto]], [http://www.jesushuertadesoto.com/pdf_socialismo/indice.pdf ''Socialismo, cálculo económico y función empresarial''] (''Socialism, Economic Calculation, and Entrepreneurship''), Unión Editorial, 1992. ISBN 8472094200.* Makoto Itoh, ''Political Economy of Socialism''. London: Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 0333553373.*{{cite book |last=Kitching |first=Gavin |authorlink=Gavin Kitching |coauthors= |title=Rethinking Socialism |publisher=Meuthen |year=1983 |location= |pages= |url=http://www.gavinkitching.com/marx_0.htm |doi= |id=ISBN 0416358403 }}* [[Oskar Lange]], ''On the Economic Theory of Socialism'', Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1938. {{LCCN|38|0|12882}}.* Michael Lebowitz, ''[http://www.monthlyreview.org/builditnow.htm Build It Now: Socialism for the 21st Century]'', [http://www.monthlyreview.org Monthly Review Press], 2006. ISBN 1-58367-145-5.* Marx, Engels, ''The Communist Manifesto'', Penguin Classics (2002) 978-0140447576* Marx, Engels, ''Selected works in one volume'', Lawrence and Wishart (1968) 978-0853151814* [[Ludwig von Mises]], ''[[Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis]]'' [http://www.mises.org/books/socialism/contents.aspx], Liberty Fund, 1922. ISBN 0-913966-63-0.* [[Joshua Muravchik]], [http://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/resources.html ''Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism''], San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002. ISBN 1-893554-45-7.* Michael Newman, ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-280431-6.*[[Bertell Ollman]], ed., ''Market Socialism: The Debate among Socialists'', Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0415919673*[[Leo Panitch]], ''Renewing Socialism: Democracy, Strategy, and Imagination''. ISBN 0-8133-9821-5.*Emile Perreau-Saussine, ''What remains of socialism ?'', in Patrick Riordan (dir.), Values in Public life: aspects of common goods (Berlin, LIT Verlag, 2007), pp. 11–34*[[Richard Pipes]], ''Property and Freedom'', Vintage, 2000. ISBN 0-375-70447-7.* John Barkley Rosser and Marina V. Rosser, ''Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. ISBN 9780262182348.* [[Maximilien Rubel]] and John Crump, ''Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. ISBN 0-312-00524-5.* [[David Selbourne]], ''Against Socialist Illusion'', London, 1985. ISBN 0-333-37095-3.* [[James Weinstein]], ''Long Detour: The History and Future of the American Left'', [http://www.westviewpress.com/about.html Westview Press], 2003, hardcover, 272 pages. ISBN 0-8133-4104-3.* Peter Wilberg, [http://www.newgnosis.co.uk/deep.html ''Deep Socialism: A New Manifesto of Marxist Ethics and Economics''], 2003. ISBN 1-904519-02-4.* [[Edmund Wilson]], ''To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History'', Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1940. {{LCCN|4|00|34338}}.

;Resources on socialism*[http://www.marxist.com In Defense of Marxism]* [http://www.marxists.org The Marxists Internet Archive] (online library of Marxist writers)*[http://www.marxist.com/rircontents-5.htm Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science By Alan Woods and Ted Grant]* [http://www.marxist.net/sciphil/reasoninrevolt/index.html Science, Marxism & the Big Bang: A Critical Review of Reason in Revolt by Peter Mason]* [http://www.marxist.net Marxist.net] - a resource on socialist writers* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/socialism.htm History of socialism at Spartacus Educational]* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook33.html Modern History Sourcebook on socialism]* [http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/History/Articles.html Socialist history at ''What Next?'']* [http://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/ PBS' "Heaven on Earth: the Rise and Fall of Socialism"]* [http://www.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf ''Towards a New Socialism''] by W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell* [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/ssfa2/newideas.pdf "New Ideas of Socialism"] by Luke Martell* [http://web.gc.cuny.edu/Anthropology/faculty/INTL-ENC.doc Katherine Verdery: Anthropology of Socialist Societies]* [http://21stcenturysocialism.com/ 21st Century Socialism] web magazine ;Introductory articles* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm "Why Socialism?"] by [[Albert Einstein]]* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific"] by [[Friedrich Engels]]* [http://libcom.org/library/soul-of-man-under-socialism-oscar-wilde "The Soul of Man under Socialism"] by [[Oscar Wilde]]* [http://www.sps.cam.ac.uk/pol/staff/eperreausaussine/what_is_left_of_socialism.pdf "What remains of Socialism"] by Emile Perreau-Saussine* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/shaw/works/guide2.htm "Socialism and Liberty"] by [[George Bernard Shaw]]* [http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/contemp/pamsetc/twosouls/twosouls.htm "The Two Souls of Socialsm"] by [[Hal Draper]]* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/0705magdoffs2.htm "Approaching Socialism"] by [[Harry Magdoff]] and [[Fred Magdoff]]* [http://www.socialism.com/ Socialism website]* [http://counterhegemonic.blogspot.com/ The Counterhegemonic Blogspot Socialism in Action] ;Critical appraisals* [http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Enc/Socialism.html "Socialism"], by [[Robert Heilbroner]]* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/ecopol.asp#_Socialism "Socialism"] ''Economic Policy'' 2nd Lecture, by [[Ludwig von Mises]]* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/hayekintellectuals.pdf "The Intellectuals and Socialism"], by [[Friedrich A. Hayek]]* [http://www.mises.org/etexts/Soc&Cap.pdf "A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism"], by [[Hans-Hermann Hoppe]]* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/freud.htm Lecture XXXV "A Philosophy of Life"] includes a critique of marxist socialism by [[Sigmund Freud]]* [http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tucker/tucker2.html "State socialism and anarchism"] by [[Benjamin Tucker]]* [http://www.mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae7_1_6.pdf "Towards a New Socialism?"] Review Essay by Len Brewster* [http://www.polyarchy.org/essays/english/socialism.html Socialism/Antisocialism] A survey and a critical appraisal* [[:s:Soap-bubbles of Socialism|“Soap-bubbles of Socialism”]] by [[Simon Newcomb]] (1890) {{Template group|list ={{Socialism}}{{Socialism by state}}{{Political ideologies}}{{History of economic thought}}}} [[Category:PoliticsSocialism| ]][[Category:Political ideologies]][[Category:Political movements]][[Category:Economic ideologies]][[Category:Economies]] [[ar:اشتراكية]][[an:Sozialismo]][[ast:Socialismu]][[az:Sosializm]][[bn:সমাজতন্ত্র]][[zh-min-nan:Siā-hoē-chú-gī]][[be:Сацыялізм]][[bs:Socijalizam]][[br:Sokialouriezh]][[bg:Социализъм]][[ca:Socialisme]][[cs:Socialismus]][[cy:Sosialaeth]][[da:Socialisme]][[de:Sozialismus]][[et:Sotsialism]][[el:Σοσιαλισμός]][[es:Socialismo]][[eo:Socialismo]][[eu:Sozialismo]][[fa:سوسیالیسم]][[fo:Sosialisma]][[fr:Socialisme]][[ga:Sóisialachas]][[gl:Socialismo]][[ko:사회주의]][[hi:समाजवाद]][[hr:Socijalizam]][[bpy:সমাজতন্ত্র]][[id:Sosialisme]][[is:Jafnaðarstefna]][[it:Socialismo]][[he:סוציאליזם]][[ka:სოციალიზმი]][[la:Socialismus]][[lv:Sociālisms]][[lt:Socializmas]][[ln:Sosialisimɛ]][[hu:Szocializmus]][[mk:Социјализам]][[mr:समाजवाद]][[ms:Sosialisme]][[nl:Socialisme]][[ja:社会主義]][[no:Sosialisme]][[nn:Sosialisme]][[pl:Socjalizm]][[pt:Socialismo]][[ro:Socialism]][[qu:Susyalismu]][[ru:Социализм]][[sco:Socialism]][[scn:Sucialismu]][[simple:Socialism]][[sk:Socializmus]][[sl:Socializem]][[sr:Социјализам]][[sh:Socijalizam]][[fi:Sosialismi]][[sv:Socialism]][[ta:சமவுடமை]][[th:สังคมนิยม]][[vi:Chủ nghĩa xã hội]][[tr:Sosyalizm]][[uk:Соціалізм]][[ur:اشتراکیت]][[vec:Sociałismo]][[yi:סאציאליזם]][[zh-yue:社會主義]][[bat-smg:Suocēlėzmos]][[zh:社会主义]]