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Line 1: − {{redirect|Terrorist}}+ − {{terrorism}} − − '''[[Terrorism]]''' is the systematic use of [[fear|terror]] especially as a means of coercion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorism+ − |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/terrorism+ − |publisher=Merriam-Webster's Dictionary − |year=1795}}</ref> There is no internationally agreed [[definition of terrorism]].<ref>Angus Martyn, [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib08.htm The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September], Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002</ref><ref>Thalif Deen. [http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=29633 POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism], [[Inter Press Service]], 25 July 2005</ref> Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of [[non-combatant]]s. − Some definitions also include acts of [[Law|unlawful]] violence and war. The history of such conflicts indicates that regardless of any stated position, however extreme that may be, organizations do not select "terrorism" for its political effectiveness;<ref>{{cite journal+ − | last = Abrahms+ − | first = Max − | authorlink = − | coauthors = − | title = What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Couterterrorism Strategy − | journal = [[International Security]] − | volume = 32 − | issue = 4 − | pages = 86-89 − | publisher = [[MIT Press]] − | location = Cambridge, MA − | date = [[March 2008]] − | url = http://maxabrahms.com/pdfs/DC_250-1846.pdf − | format = [[PDF]] 1933 [[KB]] − | issn = 0162-2889 − | accessdate = 2008-11-04 }}</ref> and so, terrorism can also be seen as a form of [[unconventional warfare]] or [[psychological warfare]]. The word is politically and emotionally charged,<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p31">Hoffman, Bruce "''Inside Terrorism''" Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0-231-11468-0. Page 32. See review in The [[New York Times]][http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html Inside Terrorism]</ref> and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. One 1988 study by the [[United States Army|US Army]] found that over 100 definitions of the word "terrorism" have been used.<ref name="DJR">Dr. Jeffrey Record, [http://carlisle-www.army.mil/ssi/pubs/2003/bounding/bounding.pdf Bounding the Global War on Terrorism](PDF)</ref> A person who practices terrorism is a '''terrorist'''. The concept of terrorism is itself controversial because it is often used by states to delegitimize political opponents, and thus legitimize the state's own use of terror against those opponents. − Terrorism has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties, [[nationalism|nationalistic]], and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071797 |title=Terrorism |accessdate= 2006-08-11 |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica|pages=3}}</ref> The presence of non-state actors in widespread armed conflict has created controversy regarding the application of the [[laws of war]].+ − While acts of terrorism are criminal acts as per the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373]] and [[Anti-terrorism legislation|domestic jurisprudence]] of almost all countries in the world, terrorism refers to a phenomenon including the actual acts, the perpetrators of acts of terrorism themselves and their motives. There is disagreement on definitions of terrorism.+ − + − {{main|Definition of terrorism}} − {{seealso|State terrorism}} − In many countries, acts of terrorism are legally distinguished from criminal acts done for other purposes, and "terrorism" is defined by statute; see ''[[definition of terrorism]]'' for particular definitions. Common principles among legal definitions of terrorism provide an emerging consensus as to meaning and also foster cooperation between law enforcement personnel in different countries. Among these definitions there are several that do not recognize the possibility of [[Right to resist occupation|legitimate use of violence]] by civilians against an invader in an [[Occupied territories|occupied country]] and would, thus label all [[resistance movement]]s as terrorist groups. Others make a distinction between lawful and unlawful use of violence. Ultimately, the distinction is a [[Politics|political]] judgment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Ali|title=A Theory of International Terrorism|publisher=Social Science Research Network|year=1987|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=935347|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> − In November 2004, a [[United Nations Security Council]] report described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act." (Note that this report does not constitute [[international law]].)<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Reform|publisher=United Nations|date=[[2005-03-21]]|url=http://www.un.org/unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=73|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070427012107/http://www.un.org/unifeed/script.asp?scriptId=73|archivedate=2007-04-27|accessdate=2008-07-11|quote=The second part of the report, entitled "Freedom from Fear backs the definition of terrorism - an issue so divisive agreement on it has long eluded the world community - as any action "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act."}}</ref> − [[U.S. Department of Defense]] (DoD) defined terrorism as: “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, − religious, or ideological.” <ref>FM 100-20, Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict, 5 December 1990; and Joint Pub 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 12 April 2001, as amended through 9 June 2004. </ref> − ==Key criteria==+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Official definitions determine counter-terrorism policy and are often developed to serve it. Most government definitions outline the following key criteria: target, objective, motive, perpetrator, and legitimacy or legality of the act. Terrorism is also often recognizable by a following statement from the perpetrators.+ − '''Violence''' – According to Walter Laqueur of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], "the only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence." However, the criterion of violence alone does not produce a useful definition, as it includes many acts not usually considered terrorism: [[war]], [[riot]], [[organized crime]], or even a simple [[assault]]. Property destruction that does not endanger life is not usually considered a [[violent crime]], but some have described property destruction by the [[Earth Liberation Front]] and [[Animal Liberation Front]] as violence and terrorism; see [[eco-terrorism]].+ − '''Psychological impact and fear''' – The attack was carried out in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact. Each act of terrorism is a “performance,” devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols to show their power and to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government's legitimacy, while increasing the legitimacy of the given [[terrorist organization]] and/or [[ideology]] behind a terrorist act.<ref>{{cite book|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|title=Terror in the Mind of God|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|pages=125-135}}</ref>+ − '''Perpetrated for a political goal''' – Something all terrorist attacks have in common is their perpetration for a political purpose. Terrorism is a political tactic, not unlike letter writing or protesting, that is used by activists when they believe no other means will effect the kind of change they desire. The change is desired so badly that failure is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of civilians. This is often where the interrelationship between [[religious terrorism|terrorism and religion]] occurs. When a political struggle is integrated into the framework of a religious or "cosmic"<ref>{{cite book|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|title=Terror in the Mind of God|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000}}</ref> struggle, such as over the control of an ancestral homeland or holy site such as Israel and Jerusalem, failing in the political goal (nationalism) becomes equated with spiritual failure, which, for the highly committed, is worse than their own death or the deaths of innocent civilians.+ + + + − '''Deliberate targeting of non-combatants''' – It is commonly held that the distinctive nature of terrorism lies in its intentional and specific selection of [[civilian]]s as direct targets. Specifically, the criminal intent is shown when babies, children, mothers, and the elderly are murdered, or injured, and put in harm's way. Much of the time, the victims of terrorism are targeted not because they are threats, but because they are specific "symbols, tools, animals or corrupt beings" that tie into a specific view of the world that the terrorist possess. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists' goals of instilling fear, getting a message out to an audience, or otherwise accomplishing their often radical religious and political ends.<ref>{{cite book|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|title=Terror in the Mind of God|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|pages=127-128}}</ref>+ + + − '''Disguise''' – Terrorists almost invariably pretend to be non-combatants, hide among non-combatants, fight from in the midst of non-combatants, and when they can, strive to mislead and provoke the government soldiers into attacking the wrong people, that the government may be blamed for it. When an enemy is identifiable as a combatant, the word terrorism is rarely used. {{Fact|date=August 2008}}+ + + + + + + + + − '''Unlawfulness or illegitimacy''' – Some official (notably government) definitions of terrorism add a criterion of illegitimacy or unlawfulness<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorism in the United States 1999|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|url=http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terror99.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> to distinguish between actions authorized by a government (and thus "lawful") and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. Using this criterion, actions that would otherwise qualify as terrorism would not be considered terrorism if they were government sanctioned. For example, firebombing a city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government. This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted, because: it denies the existence of [[state terrorism]]; the same act may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its sponsorship is traced to a "legitimate" government; "legitimacy" and "lawfulness" are subjective, depending on the perspective of one government or another; and it diverges from the historically accepted meaning and origin of the term.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=AskOxford Search Results - terrorist|encyclopedia=AskOxford|publisher=AskOxford|accessdate=2008-07-11|url=http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dev_dict&field-12668446=terrorism&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact&sortorder=score%2Cname}}</ref><ref> [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=82104&dict=CALD Cambridge International Dictionary of English]</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/terrorism Dictionary.com]</ref><ref> [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=terrorism Online Etymology Dictionary]</ref> For these reasons this criterion is not universally accepted. Most dictionary definitions of the term do not include this criterion.+ − ==Pejorative use==+ − The term "terrorism" and '''"terrorist"''' (someone who engages in terrorism) carry a strong negative connotation. These terms are often used as political labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, unjustified or to condemn an entire segment of a population.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/english/Special/20080113_Response_to_Head_of_GSS_Statement.asp B'Tselem] Head of ISA defines a terrorist as any Palestinian killed by Israel</ref> Those labeled "terrorists" rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other euphemistic terms or terms specific to their situation, such as: [[separatist]], [[freedom fighter]], liberator, [[revolutionary]], [[vigilante]], [[militant]], [[paramilitary]], [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]], [[rebellion|rebel]], or any similar-meaning word in other languages and cultures. [[Jihad]]i, [[mujaheddin]], and [[fedayeen]] are similar Arabic words that have entered the English lexicon. − This is further complicated by the moral ambiguity that surrounds terrorism. On the question of whether particular terrorist acts, such as murder, can be justified as the lesser evil in a particular circumstance, philosophers have expressed different views: While, according to David Rodin, [[utilitarian]] philosophers can in theory conceive of cases in which evil of terrorism is outweighed by important goods that can be achieved in no morally less costly way, in practice utilitarians often universally reject terrorism because it is very dubious that acts of terrorism achieve important goods in a utility efficient manner, or that the "harmful effects of undermining the convention of non-combatant immunity is thought to outweigh the goods that may be achieved by particular acts of terrorism." <ref name="Robin"> Rodin, David (2006). Terrorism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge </ref> Among the non-utilitarian philosophers, [[Michael Walzer]] argued that terrorism is always morally wrong but at the same time those who engaged in terrorism can be morally justified in one specific case: when "a nation or community faces the extreme threat of complete destruction and the only way it can preserve itself is by intentionally targeting non-combatants, then it is morally entitled to do so." <ref name="Robin"/> + − In his book "''Inside Terrorism''" Bruce Hoffman wrote in ''Chapter One: Defining Terrorism'' that+ − :"On one point, at least, everyone agrees: terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore. 'What is called terrorism,' Brian Jenkins has written, `'thus seems to depend on one's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgment; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint.' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization `terrorist' becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person/group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence, for example, then the act is terrorism. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism."<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p31">Hoffman, Bruce "''Inside Terrorism''" Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0-231-11468-0. Page 32. See review in The [[New York Times]][http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html Inside Terrorism] [http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:RPT6zpTtE08J:www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html+%22everyone+agrees:+terrorism+is+a+pejorative+term%22&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=1&lr=lang_en Google cached copy]</ref> − The pejorative connotations of the word can be summed up in the [[aphorism]], "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter." This is exemplified when a group that uses [[irregular military]] methods is an ally of a [[State]] against a mutual enemy, but later falls out with the State and starts to use the same methods against its former ally. During [[World War II]], the [[Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army]] was allied with the British, but during the [[Malayan Emergency]], members of its successor, the [[Malayan Races Liberation Army]], were branded terrorists by the British.<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371060/Malayan-People's-Anti-Japanese-Army Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army] Britannica Concise</ref><ref>Dr Chris Clark ''{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/malaya/index.htm |title= Malayan Emergency, 16 June 1948 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070608150502/http://awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/malaya/index.htm |archivedate=2007-06-08}}'', 16 June 2003</ref> More recently, [[Ronald Reagan]] and others in the American administration frequently called the [[mujaheddin#Afghan Mujahideen|Afghan Mujahideen]] freedom fighters during [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|their war]] against the [[Soviet Union]],<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm Ronald Reagan, speech to National Conservative Political Action Conference] 8 March, 1985. On the [[Spartacus Educational]] web site</ref> yet twenty years later when a new generation of Afghan men are fighting against what they perceive to be a regime installed by foreign powers, their attacks are labelled terrorism by [[George W. Bush]].<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020128-13.html President Meets with Afghan Interim Authority Chairman]</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/02/20060209-2.html President Discusses Progress in War on Terrorism to National Guard] [[White House]] web site February 9, 2006</ref> Groups accused of terrorism usually prefer terms that reflect legitimate military or ideological action.<ref>Sudha Ramachandran ''[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FK12Ak01.html Death behind the wheel in Iraq]'' [[Asian Times]], November 12, 2004, "Insurgent groups that use suicide attacks therefore do not like their attacks to be described as suicide terrorism. They prefer to use terms like "martyrdom ..."</ref><ref> Alex Perry [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1109554,00.html How Much to Tip the Terrorist?] [[Time Magazine]], September 26, 2005. "The Tamil Tigers would dispute that tag, of course. Like other guerrillas and suicide bombers, they prefer the term “freedom fighters.”</ref><ref name="TCCACR">[http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dtra/terrorism_concepts.doc TERRORISM: CONCEPTS, CAUSES, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION] [[George Mason University]] [[Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution]], Printed by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, January 2003</ref> Leading terrorism researcher Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's [[Carleton University]], defines "terrorist acts" as attacks against civilians for political or other ideological goals, and goes on to say: + − :"There is the famous statement: 'One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.' But that is grossly misleading. It assesses the validity of the cause when terrorism is an act. One can have a perfectly beautiful cause and yet if one commits terrorist acts, it is terrorism regardless."<ref>Humphreys, Adrian. [http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=a64f73d2-f672-4bd0-abb3-2584029db496 "One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'"], ''[[National Post]]'', January 17, 2006.</ref> − Some groups, when involved in a "liberation" struggle, have been called terrorists by the Western governments or media. Later, these same persons, as leaders of the liberated nations, are called statesmen by similar organizations. Two examples of this phenomenon are the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureates [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>Theodore P. Seto ''[http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v35-issue4/seto.pdf The Morality of Terrorism]'' Includes a list in the [[Times]] published on July 23, 1946 which were described as Jewish terrorist actions, including those launched by Irgun which Begin was a leading member</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81305.stm BBC News: PROFILES: Menachem Begin] BBC website "Under Begin's command, the underground terrorist group Irgun carried out numerous acts of violence."</ref><ref>Eqbal Ahmad ''"[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1328039/Straight-talk-on-terrorism.html Straight talk on terrorism]"'' [[Monthly Review]], January, 2002. "including Menachem Begin, appearing in "Wanted" posters saying, "Terrorists, reward this much." The highest reward I have seen offered was 100,000 British pounds for the head of Menachem Begin"</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4583684.stmBBC NEWS: World: Middle East: Sharon's legacy does not include peace]{{Dead link|date=July 2008}}BBC website "Ariel Sharon will be compared to Menachem Begin, another warrior turned statesman, who gave up the Sinai and made peace with Egypt."</ref><ref>Lord Desai [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980903/text/80903-04.htm Hansard, House of Lords] 3 September 1998 : Column 72, "''However, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela and Menachem Begin — to give just three examples — were all denounced as terrorists but all proved to be successful political leaders of their countries and good friends of the United Kingdom.''"</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4255106.stm BBC NEWS:World: Americas: UN reforms receive mixed response] BBC website "Of all groups active in recent times, the ANC perhaps represents best the traditional dichotomous view of armed struggle. Once regarded by western governments as a terrorist group, it now forms the legitimate, elected government of South Africa, with Nelson Mandela one of the world's genuinely iconic figures."</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1454208.stm BBC NEWS: World: Africa: Profile: Nelson Mandela] BBC website "Nelson Mandela remains one of the world's most revered statesman"</ref>+ − Sometimes states that are close allies, for reasons of history, culture and politics, can disagree over whether members of a certain organization are terrorists. For example for many years some branches of the United States government refused to label members of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) as terrorists, while it was using methods against one of the United States' closest allies (Britain) that Britain branded as terrorist attacks. This was highlighted by the [[Quinn v. Robinson]] case.<ref>[http://www.law.syr.edu/faculty/arzt/icl/quinn.pdf Quinn v. Robinson (pdf), 783 F2d. 776 (9th Cir. 1986)](PDF), web site of the [[Syracuse University College of Law]]</ref><ref>Page 17, [http://www.law.du.edu/ilj/online_issues_folder/mccabe.final.4.26.03.pdf NORTHERN IRELAND: TP , T , S 11] (PDF) [[Queen's University Belfast]] School of Law</ref>+ − Many times the term "terrorism" and "[[extremism]]" are interchangeably used. However, there is a significant difference between the two. Terrorism essentially threat or act of physical [[violence]]. Extremism involves using non-physical instruments to mobilise minds to achieve political or ideological ends. For instance, [[Al Qaeda]] is involved in terrorism. The [[Iranian revolution]] of 1979 is a case of extremism. A global research report [http://www.strategicforesight.com/AnInclusiveWorld.pdf An Inclusive World (2007)] asserts that extremism poses a more serious threat than terrorism in the decades to come.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − For these and other reasons, media outlets wishing to preserve a reputation for impartiality are extremely careful in their use of the term.<ref name="GUSG">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,5817,184833,00.html|title=Guardian Unlimited style guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/assets/advice/guidanceontheuseoflanguagewhenreportingterrorism.doc|title=BBC editorial guidelines on the use of language when reporting terrorism|format=DOC}}</ref>+ + + − + − There are several [[International conventions on terrorism]] with somewhat different definitions.<ref name = "un"/> The United Nations sees this lack of agreement as a serious problem.<ref name="un">{{cite web+ − |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html − |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070129121539/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html − |archivedate=2007-01-29 − |title=Definitions of Terrorism − |publisher=[[United Nations]] − |accessdate=2008-07-11 − }}</ref> − ==Causes and remedies==+ − It is believed that the leading causes of terrorism worldwide are<ref>http://www.polyarchy.org/essays/english/terrorism.html</ref>:+ − * world [[overpopulation]] and resulting [[corruption]] and [[poverty]] in many nations − *[[fundamentalism]] and [[intolerance]] (towards any [[religion]] whatsoever) − *atrocities committed by specific government(s) against its/their own people or against other peoples<ref>peoples here means nations</ref>. − The remedies might be to:+ − * strictly implement a [[China]]-like [[one-child policy]] globally by the [[United Nations]]<ref>http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/news/stories/2008/04/03/turner_0404.html</ref><ref>http://www.jonesreport.com/article/04_08/28turner_911.html</ref> (so that more attention, higher [[education]], and more opportunities for [[employment]] can be provided worldwide for the remaining people); − *more [[employment]] opportunities for people worldwide through deployment of [[industries]] and aid to poor countries; − *the encouragement of [[education]], [[secularism]], [[tolerance]], [[transparency]], and [[democracy]] worldwide would help curb terrorism. − + − In the spring of 1975, the [[National Institute of Justice|Law Enforcement Assistant Administration]] in the [[United States]] formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee was entitled ''Disorders and Terrorism'', produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff.<ref>Disorders and Terrorism, National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (Washington D.C.:1976)</ref>+ − The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories.+ − * '''[[Civil disorder|Civil Disorders]]''' – A form of collective violence interfering with the [[peace]], [[security]], and normal functioning of the community. − * '''Political Terrorism''' – [[Violence|Violent]] criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate [[fear]] in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes. − * '''Non-Political Terrorism''' – Terrorism that is not aimed at [[Politics|political]] purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain high degree of fear for [[Coercion|coercive]] purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.” − * '''Quasi-Terrorism''' – The activities incidental to the commission of [[crime]]s of [[violence]] that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate [[victim]] as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing [[felon]] who takes [[hostage]]s is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different. − * '''Limited Political Terrorism''' – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a [[revolutionary]] approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for [[Ideology|ideological]] or [[Politics|political]] motives but which are not part of a concerted [[Strategic campaign|campaign]] to capture control of the [[State]]. − * '''Official or [[State Terrorism]]''' –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon [[fear]] and [[oppression]] that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as '''Structural Terrorism''' defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy. − − In an analysis prepared for U.S. Intelligence<ref>Hudson, Rex A. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists, Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press,2002 </ref> four typologies are mentioned. − * Nationalist-Separatist − * Religious Fundamentalist − * New Religious − * Social Revolutionary − − ==Politics and terrorism== − Terrorism is currently, and has been historically, an important issue in politics around the world. Parties on the right of the political spectrum are usually more security focused then parties on the left. It is therefore perceived that terrorist threats or acts are beneficial to the electoral results of the right wing parties.<ref name='Black'>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=McCain adviser says terrorist attack would boost campaign | date=[[2008-06-24]] | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/24/johnmccain.uselections2008?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront | work =[[The Guardian]] | pages = | accessdate = 2008-06-24 | language = }}</ref> − ===Democracy and domestic terrorism=== − − However, one study suggests that suicide terrorism may be an exception to this general rule. Evidence regarding this particular method of terrorism reveals that every modern suicide campaign has targeted a democracy- a state with a considerable degree of political freedom. The study suggests that concessions awarded to terrorists during the 1980s and 1990s for suicide attacks increased their frequency.<ref>Pape, Robert A. "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review, 2003. 97 (3): pp. 1-19.</ref> − − Some examples of "terrorism" in non-democracies include [[ETA]] in Spain under [[Francisco Franco]], the [[Shining Path]] in Peru under [[Alberto Fujimori]], the [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] when [[Turkey]] was ruled by military leaders and the [[African National Congress|ANC]] in [[South Africa]]. Democracies, such as the [[United States]], [[Israel]], and the [[Philippines]], also have experienced domestic terrorism. − − While a democratic nation espousing civil liberties may claim a sense of higher moral ground than other regimes, an act of terrorism within such a state may cause a perceived dilemma: whether to maintain its civil liberties and thus risk being perceived as ineffective in dealing with the problem; or alternatively to restrict its civil liberties and thus risk delegitimizing its claim of supporting civil liberties. This dilemma, some social theorists would conclude, may very well play into the initial plans of the acting terrorist(s); namely, to delegitimize the state.<ref>shabad, goldie and francisco jose llera ramo. "Political Violence in a Democratic State," Terrorism in Context. Ed. Martha Crenshaw. University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1995. pp467.</ref> − − == Perpetrators == − Acts of terrorism can be carried out by individuals, groups, or states. According to some definitions, clandestine or semi-clandestine state actors may also carry out terrorist acts outside the framework of a state of war. However, the most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive [[Covert cell|cells]], highly motivated to serve a particular cause and many of the most deadly operations in recent times, such as [[9/11]], the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|London underground bombing]], and the [[2002 Bali bombing]] were planned and carried out by a close clique, composed of close friends, family members and other strong social networks. These groups benefited from the free flow of information and efficient [[Telecommunications]] to succeed where others had failed. <ref>Sageman, Mark. 2004. "Social Networks and the Jihad". Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Ch. 5 pp. 166-167 </ref> − Over the years, many people have attempted to come up with a [[terrorist profile]] to attempt to explain these individuals' actions through their psychology and social circumstances. Others, like Roderick Hindery, have sought to discern profiles in the propaganda tactics used by terrorists. − − It has been found that a "terrorist" will look, dress, and behave like a normal person, such as a university student, until he or she executes the assigned mission. Terrorist profiling based on personality, physical, or sociological traits would not appear to be particularly useful. The physical and behavioral description of the terrorist could describe almost any normal young person.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf Library of Congress] – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism</ref> − − === Terrorist groups === − {{main|List of designated terrorist organizations|Lone wolf (terrorism)}} − − === State sponsors === − {{main|State-sponsored terrorism}} − A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist organization. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state-sponsored terrorism or not vary widely. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such. − − === State terrorism === − {{main|State terrorism}} − {{Cquote2|Civilization is based on a clearly defined and widely accepted yet often unarticulated hierarchy. Violence done by those higher on the hierarchy to those lower is nearly always invisible, that is, unnoticed. When it is noticed, it is fully rationalized. Violence done by those lower on the hierarchy to those higher is unthinkable, and when it does occur is regarded with shock, horror, and the fetishization of the victims.|[[Derrick Jensen]] <ref>''Endgame: Resistance'', by Derrick Jensen, Seven Stories Press, 2006, ISBN 158322730X, pg IX</ref>}} − − The concept of state terrorism is controversial. <ref>[http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000137/01/Primorat.pdf Pds Sso]</ref> Military actions by states during [[war]] are usually not considered terrorism, even when they involve significant civilian casualties.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} The Chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has stated that the Committee was conscious of the 12 international Conventions on the subject, and none of them referred to State terrorism, which was not an international legal concept. If States abused their power, they should be judged against international conventions dealing with [[war crimes]], international [[human rights]] and [[international humanitarian law]].[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm] Former [[United Nations]] [[Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] has said that it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The [[use of force by states]] is already thoroughly regulated under international law"<ref>[http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime | The New America Foundation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, he also made clear that, "...regardless of the differences between governments on the question of definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians, regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm Press conference with Kofi Annan & FM Kamal Kharrazi]</ref> − − State terrorism has been used to refer to terrorist acts by governmental agents or forces. This involve the use of state resources employed by a state's foreign policies, such as the using its military to directly perform acts of considered to be state terrorism. Professor of Political Science, Michael Stohl cites the examples that include Germany’s bombing of London and the U.S. atomic destruction of [[Hiroshima]] during World War II. He argues that “the use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents." They also cite the [[First strike]] option as an example of the "terror of coercive dipolomacy" as a form of this, which holds the world "hostage,' with the implied threat of using nuclear weapons in "crisis management." They argue that the institutionalized form of terrorism has occurred as a result of changes that took place following World War ll. In this analysis, state terrorism exhibited as a form of foreign policy was shaped by the presence and use of weapons of mass destruction, and that the legitimizing of such violent behavior led to an increasingly accepted form of this state behavior. (Michael Stohl, “The Superpowers and International Terror” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Atlanta, March 27-April 1, 1984;"Terrible beyond Endurance? The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism." 1988;The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression, 1984 − P49). − − State terrorism is has also been used to describe peace time actions by governmental agents or forces, such as the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103|Pan Am Flight 103 flight]]. [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] described [[William Gladstone]]s [[Irish Coercion Act]] as Terrorism in his "no-Rent manifesto" in 1881, during the [[Irish Land War]].[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E6DF113CEE3ABC4951DFB667838A699FDE] The concept is also used to describe [[political repression]]s by governments against their own civilian population with the purpose to incite fear. For example, taking and executing civilian [[hostage]]s or [[extrajudicial killing|extrjuducial elimination]] campaigns are commonly considered "terror" or terrorism, for example during [[Red Terror]] or [[Great Terror]] <ref name="Black">Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, [[Stéphane Courtois]], ''The [[Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7 </ref>. Such actions are often also described as [[democide]] which has been argued to be equivalent to state terrorism<ref name=Kisangani2007>{{cite journal | author = Kisangani, E. | year = 2007 | title = The Political Economy Of State Terror | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 405–414 | url = http://www.informaworld.com/index/781318312.pdf | accessdate = 2008-04-02 | journal = Defence and Peace Economics | doi = 10.1080/10242690701455433|format=PDF}}</ref> Empirical studies on this have found that democracies have little democide.<ref> DEATH BY GOVERNMENT By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links: [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM][http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.FIG23.4.GIF][http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/POWER.FIG2.GIF]</ref><ref>''[http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/genocide/ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust?]{{Dead link|date=July 2008}}'', Barbara Harff, 2003.</ref> − − ==Tactics== − {{main|Tactics of terrorism}} − Terrorism is a form of [[asymmetric warfare]], and is more common when direct [[conventional warfare]] either cannot be (due to differentials in available forces) or is not being used to resolve the underlying conflict. − − The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale, unresolved political [[conflict]]. The type of conflict varies widely; historical examples include: − * [[Secession]] of a territory to form a new sovereign state − * Dominance of territory or resources by various [[ethnic groups]] − * Imposition of a particular form of government − * Economic deprivation of a population − * Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army − − Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and publicity. They usually use [[explosives]] or [[poison]], but there is also concern about terrorist attacks using [[weapons of mass destruction]]. Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in advance, and may train participants, plant "undercover" agents, and raise money from supporters or through [[organized crime]]. Communication may occur through modern [[telecommunications]], or through old-fashioned methods such as [[courier]]s. − − ==Responses to terrorism== − {{main|Responses to terrorism}} − Responses to terrorism are broad in scope. They can include re-alignments of the [[political spectrum]] and reassessments of [[value system|fundamental values]]. The term '''counter-terrorism''' has a narrower connotation, implying that it is directed at terrorist actors. − − Specific types of responses include: − * Targeted laws, criminal procedures, deportations, and enhanced police powers − * Target hardening, such as locking doors or adding traffic barriers − * Pre-emptive or reactive military action − * Increased intelligence and surveillance activities − * Pre-emptive humanitarian activities − * More permissive interrogation and detention policies − * Official acceptance of torture as a valid tool − − == Mass media == − Media exposure may be a primary goal of those carrying out terrorism, to expose issues that would otherwise be ignored by the media. Some consider this to be manipulation and exploitation of the media.<ref>The Media and Terrorism: A Reassessment [[Paul Wilkinson (professor)|Paul Wilkinson]]. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.9, No.2 (Summer 1997), pp.51-64 Published by Frank Cass, London. </ref> Others consider terrorism itself to be a symptom of a highly controlled mass media, which does not otherwise give voice to alternative viewpoints, a view expressed by [[Paul Watson]] who has stated that controlled media is responsible for terrorism, because "you cannot get your information across any other way". Paul Watson's organization [[Sea Shepherd]] has itself been branded "[[eco-terrorist]]", although it claims to have not caused any casualties. − − The mass media will often censor organizations involved in terrorism (through self-restraint or regulation) to discourage further terrorism. However, this may encourage organisations to perform more extreme acts of terrorism to be shown in the mass media. − − {{epigraph − | quote =There is always a point at which the terrorist ceases to manipulate the media [[gestalt]]. A point at which the violence may well escalate, but beyond which the terrorist has become symptomatic of the media gestalt itself. Terrorism as we ordinarily understand it is innately media-related. − | cite =Novelist [[William Gibson]]<ref>[http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/blog/2004_10_01_archive.asp his blog William Gibson's blog], October 31, 2004, retrieved April 26, 2007.</ref> − }} − − == History == − {{main|History of terrorism}} − − The modern English term "terrorism" dates back to 1795 when it was used to describe the actions of the [[Jacobin Club]] in their rule of post-Revolutionary France, the so-called "[[Reign of Terror]]". − + − * [[List of terrorist organisations]]+ − * [[9/11]]+ − * [[7/7]]+ − * [[Abortion bombing|Abortion clinic bombers]]+ − * [[Agent provocateur]]+ − * [[Christian Terrorism]]+ − * [[Colombian Armed Conflict (1960s–present)]] − * [[Communist terrorism|Communist Terrorism]] − * [[Conspiracy theory]] − * [[Counter-terrorism]] − * [[Cyber-terrorism]] − * [[Destructive_cult#Terrorism|Destructive cult]] − * [[Domestic terrorist (United States)]] − * [[Eco-terrorism]] − * [[False flag]] operations − * [[Hate crime]] − * [[Hate group]] − * [[Hirabah]] − * [[Indoctrination]] − * [[Islamic Terrorism]] − * [[Middle east]] − * [[Narcoterrorism]] − * [[Northern Ireland]] − * [[Nuclear 9/11]] − * [[Propaganda]] − * [[Strategy of tension]] − * [[Suicide attack]] − * [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] − * [[Ten Threats]] identified by the [[United Nations]] − * [[Terror bombing]] − * [[Terrorism insurance]] − * [[Terrorist Screening Center]] − * [[Unconventional warfare]] − − * [[World Trade Center]] − − ==Further reading== − {{wikiquote}} − * [[Hans Köchler|Köchler, Hans]] (ed.), ''Terrorism and National Liberation. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Question of Terrorism.'' Frankfurt a. M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang, 1988, ISBN 3-8204-1217-4 − * Köchler, Hans. ''Manila Lectures 2002. Terrorism and the Quest for a Just World Order''. Quezon City (Manila): FSJ Book World, 2002, ISBN 0-9710791-2-9 − * Laqueur, Walter. ''No End to War - Terrorism in the 21st century'', New York, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1435-4 − * Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. ''Terrorism : essential primary sources.'' Thomson Gale, 2006. ISBN 9781414406213 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms LC Control Number: 2005024002. − * Lewis, Jeff, Language Wars: The Role of Media and Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence, Pluto Books, London, 2005. − *Lieberman, David M. [http://www.stanford.edu/group/lawreview/content/vol59/issue1/lieberman.pdf Sorting the revolutionary from the terrorist: The delicate application of the "Political Offense" exception in U.S. extradition case], Stanford Law Review, Volume 59, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 181-211 − * [[Lyal Sunga|Sunga, Lyal S.]], <cite> US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds.) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) (2002) 242-264.</cite> − * [[Charles Tilly]], ''Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists'' in Sociological Theory (2004) 22, 5-13 [http://professor-murmann.info/tilly/2004_Terror.pdf online] − * Christian Buder, "''Die Todesstrafe, Tabu und Terror''", VDM-Verlag, Saarbrücken, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8364-5163-5 − * [[Arno Tausch]] 'Against Islamophobia. Quantitative analyses of global terrorism, world political cycles and center periphery structures' Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers (for info: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/), 2007 − − ===UN conventions=== − * United Nations: [http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp Conventions on Terrorism] − − ===News monitoring websites specializing on articles on terrorism=== − *[http://insurgencyresearchgroup.wordpress.com/ Insurgency Research Group] - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of terrorism, insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy. − * [http://osint.isria.com/ A reliable and daily updated Open Sources Center that includes a "Terrorism" section.] by ISRIA. − * [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Terrorism Diplomacy Monitor - Terrorism] − * [http://www.jihadmonitor.org/ Jihad Monitor] − − ===Papers and articles on global terrorism=== − * Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism," ''International Security'', Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03), pp. 30-58. − * Stathis N. Kalyvas, [http://research.yale.edu/stathis/files/Paradox.pdf ''The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars''] (2004) in ''Journal of Ethics'' 8:1, 97-138. − * [http://www.hereinstead.com/sys-tmpl/htmlpage13/ Prof. Troy Duster "From Theatre of War to Terrorism"] − * [http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14574&Itemid=88/ Syed Ubaidur Rahman "Thousands of Muslims gather to denounce terrorism"] − − − − * [http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/global-war-on-terrorism/ Global War on Terrorism / Strategic Studies Institute] − * [http://www.terrorism.com/ Terrorism Research Center] - Terrorism research site started in 1996. − − * [http://www.terrorism-research.com/ Terrorism Research] - International Terrorism and Security Research − * [http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0502014/ Scale invariance in global terrorism] − * [http://www.debriefed.org/ Security News Line: Global Terrorism and Counter-terrorism www.debriefed.org] − * [http://statbel.fgov.be/studies/thesis_nl.asp?n=424 The Evolution of Terrorism in 2005. A statistical assessment] An article by Rik Coolsaet and Teun Van de Voorde, University of Ghent − * [http://www.polyarchy.org/essays/english/terrorism.html Terrorism/Anti-terrorism] - An analysis on the causes and uses of terrorism − * <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/ frontline: al qaeda's new front | PBS]</ref> "Al Qaeda's New Front," PBS "Frontline" January 2005. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the locus of the investigation quickly shifted to Europe and the network of radical Islamic jihadis who are part of "Eurabia," the continent's expanding Muslim communities. Since 9/11 America has been spared what authorities feared and expected: a second wave of attacks. Instead Europe, once a logistical base for Islamic radicals and a safe haven, has itself become the target. − * [http://www.teachingterror.com/ ''Teaching Terrorism and Counterterrorism'' with lesson plans, bibliographies, resources; from US Military Academy] − * {{cite web |url=http://www.analyzingeu.eu/konrad/2007/european-union-security-after-september-2001/ |title= European Union’s Security With Regard to the International Situation After September 2001 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070514163519/http://www.analyzingeu.eu/konrad/2007/european-union-security-after-september-2001/ |archivedate=2007-05-14}} - Special Report on Terrorism in the European Union on 'Analyzing EU' − * [http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/publications/infocus/terror/index.html Germany's contribution to the fight against global terrorism] − * "Al Qaeda Today: The New Face of the Global Jihad," by Marlena Telvick, PBS ''Frontline'', January 2005.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/etc/today.html frontline: al qaeda's new front: al qaeda today | PBS]</ref> Former CIA caseworker Dr. Marc Sageman explains how Al Qaeda has evolved from an operational organization into a larger social movement, and the implications for U.S. counterterror efforts. − The Intelligence & Terrorism Information Center- www.terrorism-info.org.il − * Quantitative World System Studies Contradict Current Islamophobia: World Political Cycles, Global Terrorism, and World Development. Arno Tausch, Innsbruck University - Faculty of Political Science and Sociology - Department of Political Science, Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 1 & 2, Spring-Summer 2007, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976864 − − ===Papers and articles on terrorism and the United States=== − *[http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf Library of Congress] – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism. by Robert L. Worden, Ph.D. − * [http://www.aynrand.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=5207&news_iv_ctrl=1021 Leonard Peikoff on Terrorism] This article was published in the New York Times on October 2, 2001. − * Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy,"''Cambridge Review of International Affairs'', Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549-563. − * [http://web1.foreignpolicy.com/issue_julyaug_2006/TI-index/index.html The Terrorism Index] - Terrorism "scorecard" from ''Foreign Policy Magazine'' and the Center for American Progress − * [http://lightonthings.blogspot.com#fight/ The reality show: the Watch, the Fight] − * [http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/ Most Wanted Terrorists]- Rewards for Justice − * [http://www.lawandterrorism.com/ Law, Terrorism and Homeland Security]. A collection of articles. − * [http://ssrn.com/abstract=880076 "The Security Constitution," UCLA Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 29, 2005] − * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/ The Enemy Within, PBS ''Frontline'' October 2006] − * "The Man Turned Away" by Charlotte Buchen and Marlena Telvick, PBS ''Frontline'', October 2006.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/enemywithin/reality/al-banna.html FRONTLINE: the enemy within: new reality: the man turned away | PBS]</ref> To his family in Jordan, Raed Mansour al-Banna was a beloved son who wanted to make it in America. To his American friends, he was a sweet guy with a charming smile who loved to party. To the families of the 166 people he killed in Hilla, Iraq, he was a murderer. − − ===Papers and articles on terrorism and Israel=== − * Ariel Merari, "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," ''Terrorism and Political Violence'', Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213-251. − * [http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L-4176,00.html Israel Global Terror desk] − * [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000] − − ===Global Muslim public opinion on terrorism and political violence from the [[World Values Survey]]=== − *[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1277915 Arno Tausch (2008) “Muslim Values, Global Values: Empirical Data from the 'World Values Survey” Social Science Research Network, New York] − − ===Other=== − *[http://www.sderotmedia.com/ About the Qassam-sderot media center] − * [http://www.paradisepoisoned.com/ Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Development and Terrorism from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars] by [[John Richardson (professor and author)|John Richardson]] − * [http://ontology.teknowledge.com/ Ontologies of ''Weapons of Mass Destruction'' and ''Terrorism''] − * The '''[[Supreme Court of India]]''' adopted [[Alex P. Schmid|Alex P. Schmid's]] definition of terrorism in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar), "defin[ing] acts of terrorism veritably as 'peacetime equivalents of war crimes.'"<ref>http://www.sacw.net/hrights/judgementjehanabad.doc</ref> − * [[Jack Goody]] ''[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713717641~db=all What is a terrorist?]'' Published in: journal History and Anthropology, Volume 13, Issue 2 2002 , pages 139 - 142 DOI: 10.1080/0275720022000001219 − * '''[[Alex P. Schmid|Schmid]] and Jongman (1988)''': "Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-)clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons, whereby — in contrast to assassination — the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are use to manipulate the main target (audience(s), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought".<ref name = "Schmid Terrorism Definition">{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html |title= Academic Consensus Definition of "Terrorism," Schmid 1988, United Nations website |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070627231104/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html |archivedate=2007-06-27}}. '''For more detailed information, see:''' Schmid, Jongman et al. ''Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature''. Amsterdam: North Holland, Transaction Books, 1988. ISBN 1412804698</ref> − * Staff. [http://www.terrorfileonline.org/en/index.php/Main_Page ''U.S. Terrorism in the Americas''] an Encyclopedia "on violence promoted, supported and carried out by both the U.S. government and its servants in Latin America − + − {{reflist|2}}+ − + − + − + − + − + − [[zh-min-nan:Khióng-pò͘-chú-gī]] − [[be-x-old:Тэрарызм]] − [[bs:Terorizam]] − [[br:Sponterezh]] − [[bg:Тероризъм]] − [[ca:Terrorisme]] − [[ceb:Terorismo]] − [[cs:Terorismus]] − [[cy:Terfysgaeth]] − [[da:Terrorisme]] − [[de:Terrorismus]] − [[el:Τρομοκρατία]] − [[es:Terrorismo]] − [[eo:Terorismo]] − [[fa:تروریسم]] − [[fr:Terrorisme]] − [[gl:Terrorismo]] − [[ko:테러리즘]] − [[hy:Ահաբեկչություն]] − [[hi:आतंकवाद]] − [[hr:Terorizam]] − [[io:Terorismo]] − [[id:Terorisme]] − [[is:Hryðjuverk]] − [[it:Terrorismo]] − [[he:טרור]] − [[kn:ಭಯೋತ್ಪಾದನೆ]] − [[ka:ტერორიზმი]] − [[sw:Ugaidi]] − [[ku:Terorîzm]] − [[la:Tromocratia]] − [[lv:Terorisms]] − [[lt:Terorizmas]] − [[jbo:tadjycolnunte'a]] − [[hu:Terror]] − [[ms:Pengganasan]] − [[nl:Terrorisme]] − [[new:आतङ्कवाद]] − [[ja:テロリズム]] − [[no:Terrorisme]] − [[nn:Terrorisme]] − [[oc:Terrorisme]] − [[nds:Terror]] − [[pl:Terroryzm]] − [[pt:Terrorismo]] − [[ro:Terorism]] − [[ru:Терроризм]] − [[sq:Terrorizmi]] − [[scn:Tirrurìsimu]] − [[simple:Terrorism]] − [[sk:Terorizmus]] − [[sl:Terorizem]] − [[sr:Тероризам]] − [[sh:Terorizam]] − [[fi:Terrorismi]] − [[sv:Terrorism]] − [[ta:பயங்கரவாதம்]] − [[te:ఉగ్రవాదులు]] − [[th:การก่อการร้าย]] − [[vi:Khủng bố]] − [[tr:Terörizm]] − [[uk:Тероризм]] − [[ur:دہشت گردی]] − [[wa:Terorisse]] − [[yi:טעראריזם]] − [[zh:恐怖主义]]
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[[Image:Terrormunich.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A member of [[Black September]], a terrorist group, during the [[1972 Munich Olympics]]]]'''[[Terrorism]]''' is defined by the US [[Department of Defense]] as "''the unlawful use of -- or threatened use of -- force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives.''"
[[Image:Number of Terrorist Incidents.png|thumb|left|Number of Terrorist Incidents 2000–2008|{{ifdc|1=Image:Number of Terrorist Incidents.png|log=2008 October 15}}]]
==Terrorist==
One who uses [[terroristic tactics]] to coerce behavior in another person or group is generally considered to fall under the definition of the term "terrorist". One who uses such terroristic tactics ([[suicide bombing]], [[sniper]], [[assassination]], [[random bombing]], etc.) can often be described as such. Aeroflight in the UK [http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/definitions.htm], defines it as: ''"One who utilizes the systematic use of violence and/or intimidation to achieve political objectives, while disguised as a civilian non-combatant. The use of a civilian disguise while on operations exempts the perpetrator from protection under the Geneva Conventions, and consequently if captured they are liable for prosecution as common criminals."''
==Terrorism==
Terrorism is the use of terror (fear), violence, and intimidation to achieve an end. Terrorism also refers to any fear and subjugation produced by this. The term is also used to describe violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians by groups or persons for political or ideological goals. Terrorism is the unlawful use or threatened use, of force, ''intimidation'', and/or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.
===Leftist (Radical) Terrorism===
Leftist Terrorism, often referred to as radical terrorism, is terrorism that embraces the fringe left side of the political spectrum (Countries that are hostile to dissident terrorist movements often also see violence from the far left as well). Radical terrorists are future orientated. That is, radicals believe that they are currently being oppressed by some current government, ideology or regime, and therefore they should overthrow that oppressor and install a better government. Radical terrorists often operate with the belief that it is possible to create a utopia for the people. Radicals generally follow the beliefs of Karl Marx and Lenin, with emphasis on the idea of Lenin's vanguard party. Leftist terrorists often choose symbolic targets that emphasize what they see as a an oppressor to the working class. Leftist terrorist tend to target buildings and governmental structures that represent capitalism, or assassinate government leaders and capitalists. Leftist terrorists are self characterized as the young, self-educated elites of society, who are destined to both weaken the oppressive government and at the same time expose the weakness of the government to the exploited workforce. Radicals also tend be more exclusive with what issues they champion. Often, very narrow radicals will focus on one issue, resulting in animal rights, feminist, and eco-terrorists. Radical groups often operated in highly organized and clandestine groups, easily recognizable and orderly. However, leftist groups often had internal divisions in the larger groups that often broke off to create new group.<ref>Gus Martin. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues.</ref>
==Origin of term==
====Famous Radical Groups====
*[[Al-Qaeda]]
*[[Animal Liberation Front]]
*[[Earth Liberation Front]]
*[[Front de libération du Québec]]
*[[Irish Republican Army]]
*[[John Brown Anti-Klan Committee]]
*[[May 19th Communist Organization]]
*[[Muslim Brotherhood]]
*[[Prairie Fire Organizing Committee]]
*[[Red Army Faction]]
*[[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]]
*[[Symbionese Liberation Army]]
*[[Weather Underground Organization]]
*[[Youth International Party]]
===Right (Reactionary) Terrorism===
Historically, reactionary terrorism has been less organized and less symbolic than leftist terrorists. Reactionary terrorists, like radical terrorists, see the current government as corrupt, but unlike radical leftists, reactionaries do not see the current government as needing revolutionary change. Rather, reactionaries view the government as a perversion of some older, better, government or social order. Reactionary terrorist violence is an attempt to regain the lost government and return to "order" and status quo. Reactionary violence is often justified by a use of mysticism about the old order. Scapegoating is a common tactic among reactionary terrorists to create an enemy for which to blame for the current order. Historical scapegoats among reactionary terrorists have included Jews, foreigners, homosexuals, atheists, leftists, blacks, illegal immigrants, and other racial minorities. Reactionary groups often defined by racial supremacy and a sense of order. Goals of reactionary terrorist include the delegation of minorities back to secondary status with respect to the national majority and a creation of a strong government to sustain order and prevent chaos through a police state. It should be noted however that due to conspiracy theories prevalence in the American fringe right, American reactionaries do not seek the creation of a strong government. Reactionaries often act as individuals or small groups and are not as discriminate with their targets as are leftist groups. This is partially due to the lack of unity between reactionaries and the scope of reactionary targets, often encompassing entire races.<ref>Gus Martin. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues.</ref>
====Famous Reactionary Groups====
*[[Ku Klux Klan]]
*[[Skinheads]]
*[[New Order]]
*The [[Contras]] in Nicaragua
== Domestic terrorists ==
In describing domestic terrorism before the House Resources Committee on February 12, 2002, James F. Jarboe, Domestic Terrorism Section Chief of the FBI's Counterterrorism Division, stated:
:''"Domestic terrorism is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States (or its territories) without foreign direction, committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. During the past decade we have witnessed dramatic changes in the nature of the terrorist threat. In the 1990s, right-wing extremism overtook left-wing terrorism as the most dangerous domestic terrorist threat to the country. During the past several years, special interest extremism, as characterized by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), has emerged as a serious terrorist threat. Generally, extremist groups engage in much activity that is protected by constitutional guarantees of free speech and assembly. Law enforcement becomes involved when the volatile talk of these groups transgresses into unlawful action. The FBI estimates that the ALF/ELF have committed more than 600 criminal acts in the United States since 1996, resulting in damages in excess of 43 million dollars."'' [http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm]
The following organizations have been accused by the FBI of being involved with domestic terrorism:
*[[Animal Liberation Front]]
*[[Black Liberation Army]]
*[[Earth Liberation Front]]
*[[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional]] (FALN)
*[[Ku Klux Klan]]
*[[Symbionese Liberation Army]]
*[[Army of God]]
*[[Weather Underground]]
== International ==
*[[Al-Qaeda]]
*[[PIRA]]
*[[Hamas]]
==Terrorism and the Media==
The prime goal of any terrorist is mass media exposure. Terrorism cannot recruit new initiates like regular armies, rather when they run out of discontented radicals within their state, they must rely on the media to spread their message. Therefore, media outlets and the press must be careful when choosing a story, as often running a story about a terrorist attack just creates more support for a terrorist cause.
== Groups Considered by the United States to be Terrorist Organizations ==
*[[Abu Sayyaf]]
*[[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]]
*[[Al-Qaeda]]
*[[Ansar Al-Islam]]
*[[ETA]]
*[[Hamas]]
*[[Hizbollah]]
*[[Jemaa Islamiya]]
*[[Maoist rebels]]
*[[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]
*[[PKK]]
*[[Real ETA]]
*[[Tamil Tigers]]
*[[Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan]]
*[[Turkistan Islamic Party]]
==Groups directly or indirectly supporting terrorists==
The following organizations within the United States have either directly supported terrorist organizations world-wide through the use of money contributions or media influence, or have prevented enforcement of the laws on the books via court petitions and lawsuits:
*[[Noraid]]
==Definition in international law==
== Groups receiving CIA support ==
The American CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) has the stated objective of ''"Conducting covert action at the direction of the President to preempt threats or achieve US policy objectives."''[https://www.cia.gov/cia/information/mission.html]. Over the course of it's well-documented history, this has involved the establishment, funding and organization of various organizations some have regarded as terrorist, including:
*The [[Contras]]
*[[Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti]] (FRAPH)<ref>Reed Lindsay,[http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,1163909,00.html ''Cold War returns to US backyard''], The Observer, March 7, 2004</ref>.
== War on terror ==
==Types of terrorism==
===Fighting terrorism===
*[http://lightonthings.blogspot.com#fight The Reality Show - The Watch the Fight] links to many sites that deal with the 'war on terror'.
*[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] has compiled a [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,335500,00.html list of known terror plots] thwarted by the U.S. government since Sept. 11, 2001.
The relationship between domestic terrorism and democracy is complex. Such terrorism is most common in nations with intermediate political freedom and that the nations with the least terrorism are the most democratic nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html|title=Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.aabadie.academic.ksg/povterr.pdf|title=www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/11.04/05-terror.html|title=Freedom squelches terrorist violence: Harvard Gazette Archives|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.aabadie.academic.ksg/povterr.pdf| title=Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism|year=2004|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://titan.iwu.edu/~econ/uer/articles/kevin_goldstein.pdf|title=Unemployment, Inequality and Terrorism: Another Look at the Relationship between Economics and Terrorism|year=2005|format=PDF}}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of terrorist incidents]]
*[[FBI Most Wanted Terrorist List]]
*[[September 11, 2001 attacks]]
*[[June 2007 UK terror attacks]]
*[[Osama Bin Laden]]
*[[Homicide Bombers]]
*[[Pyroterrorism]]
*[[Sudden Jihad Syndrome]]
* [[Weatherman (organization)|Weather Underground]]
* [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]: {{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_conventions.html |title= Conventions against terrorism |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070805001945/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_conventions.html |archivedate=2007-08-05}} "There are 12 major multilateral conventions and protocols related to states' responsibilities for combating terrorism. But many states are not yet party to these legal instruments, or are not yet implementing them."
* [[Hans Köchler]], [http://hanskoechler.com/koechler-un-law-terrorism.pdf The United Nations, the International Rule of Law and Terrorism]. Supreme Court of the Philippines, Centenary Lecture (2002)
* [[Hans Köchler]], [http://i-p-o.org/koechler-terrorism-collective-security.htm The United Nations and International Terrorism. Challenges to Collective Security] (2002)
* [http://www.start.umd.edu/data/gtd/ GTD, successor to the Terrorism Knowledge Base]
* [http://terrorfinance.org/ Terror Finance Blog] - Multi-expert website dealing with terrorism finance issues.
==Footnotes==
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Terrorism]]
==External Links==
[[Category:Crises]]
*[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/guideDesc.asp?is_campus_support=1 DiscoverTheNetworks.org - Campus Support For Terrorism]
[[Category:Fear]]
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/terrorism/ What Liberals Say - Category: Terrorism], [[Accuracy In Media]]
[[ar:إرهاب]]
[[category:politics]]
[[an:Terrorismo]]
[[Category: Terrorism]]