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'''Civil Service reform''' in the U.S. was a major issue in the late 19th century at the national level, and in the early 20th century at the state level. "Civil Service" mean the bureaucrats in the government.  Proponents denounced the traditional method of political winners handing out offices to their supporters as corrupt and inefficient. Reformers demanded nonpartisan scientific methods and credential be used to select civil servants. The five important civil service reforms were the two Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867, Pendleton Act of 1883, the Hatch Acts (1939 and 1940) and the CSRA of 1978.

'''Civil Service reform''' in the U.S. was a major issue in the late 19th century at the national level, and in the early 20th century at the state level. "Civil Service" mean the bureaucrats in the government.  Proponents denounced the traditional method of political winners handing out offices to their supporters as corrupt and inefficient. Reformers demanded nonpartisan scientific methods and credential be used to select civil servants. The five important civil service reforms were the two Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867, Pendleton Act of 1883, the [[Hatch Act|Hatch Acts (1939 and 1940)]] and the CSRA of 1978.

In 1801, President [[Thomas Jefferson]], alarmed that Federalists dominated the civil service and the army, identified the party affiliation of office holders, and systematically appointed republicans. [[Andrew Jackson]] in 1829 began the systematic rotation of office holders after four years, replacing them with his partisans in a controversial move. By the 1830s the "spoils system" meant the systematic replacement of office holders every time the government changed party hands.

In 1801, President [[Thomas Jefferson]], alarmed that Federalists dominated the civil service and the army, identified the party affiliation of office holders, and systematically appointed republicans. [[Andrew Jackson]] in 1829 began the systematic rotation of office holders after four years, replacing them with his partisans in a controversial move. By the 1830s the "spoils system" meant the systematic replacement of office holders every time the government changed party hands.

* White, Leonard D. ''The Republican Era, 1869-1901 a Study in Administrative History'', 1958  online at ACLS  e-books

* White, Leonard D. ''The Republican Era, 1869-1901 a Study in Administrative History'', 1958  online at ACLS  e-books

* White, Richard D., Jr.  ''Roosevelt the Reformer: Theodore Roosevelt as Civil Service Commissioner, 1889-1895.'' (2003). 264 pp.   

* White, Richard D., Jr.  ''Roosevelt the Reformer: Theodore Roosevelt as Civil Service Commissioner, 1889-1895.'' (2003). 264 pp.   

 

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[[Category:Bureaucracy]]

[[Category:Bureaucracy]]