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'''Mumbai''' is the name now used in [[India]] and overseas for the [[city]] formerly known as [[Bombay]]. Located in the west of India, it is the capital of the state of [[Maharashtra]] and a major seaport on the [[Arabian Sea]]. With an estimated population of 13.6 million, it is the largest city in India. Mumbai is the country's financial capital and headquarters of India's main stock exchange; it is also the main centre for the Indian film industry, known locally and worldwide as '[[Bollywood]]'.
'''Mumbai''' formerly '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]] and the financial capital of [[India]]. With a population of 13,662,885, it is the second most populous city proper in the world.<ref name=WG>[http://world-gazetteer.co
m/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan World Gazetteer estimate for 2008-01-01]</ref> Along with the neighbouring suburbs of [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]], it forms, at 19 million, the [[List of metropolitan areas by population|world's fifth most populous]] metropolitan area. Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan|west]] coast of India and has a deep natural [[harbor|harbour]]. Mumbai's port handles over half of India's maritime cargo.<ref name="Manorama2006">{{ cite book | title = Manorama Yearbook 2006 | year = 2006 | publisher = Malayala Manorama | location = Kottayam, India | isbn = 8189004077 }}</ref>
==History==
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment centre of India, generating 5% of India's [[GDP]]<ref>{{cite web
Mumbai came under [[Portugese]] rule in 1534 and was ceded to [[England]] in 1661 as part of the [[dowry]] of Catherine of Braganza, wife of the English king [[Charles II]]. The city was thus the first part of India to come under English/[[British]] rule, and it remained so until Indian independence in 1947.
|url=http://mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
|title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project
|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)]]
|accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/2299/dscn7619ql4.jpg
|title=Navi Mumbai International Airport
|publisher=City & Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Limited
|format=[[JPEG|JPG]]
|accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> Mumbai is one of the world's top ten centres of [[commerce]] by global financial flow,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/18mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai among world's top 10 financial flow hubs |date=2007-06-18 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> home to important financial institutions such as the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of many [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and numerous [[multinational corporations]]. The city also houses India's hindi [[Indian cinema|film and television industry]], known as [[Bollywood]]. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a better [[Standard of living in India|standard of living]], attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and [[culture of India|cultures]].
==Further Information==
== History ==
http://www.mumbainet.com/
In 1534, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] appropriated the islands from [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]]. They were ceded to [[Charles II of England]] in 1661, as [[dowry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019061813652 |title=UK Government Foreign and Commonwealth Office |accessdate=2008-01-06 |date=2007-06-28}}</ref> for [[Catherine de Braganza]]. These islands, were in turn leased to the [[British East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[pound sterling|£]]10 [[per annum]]. The company found the deep [[harbour]] on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]].
[[Category:Indian Cities and Towns]]
From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large [[civil engineering]] projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the [[Hornby Vellard]], was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438 [[Square kilometre|km²]]. In 1853, India's first passenger [[railway]] line was established, connecting Mumbai to the town of [[Thane]]. During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief [[cotton]] trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature.
The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dossal |first=Mariam |title=Imperial Designs and Indian Realities. The Planning of Bombay City 1845–1875 |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991}}</ref> Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after [[Calcutta]]. As capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], it was a major base for the [[Indian independence movement]], with the [[Quit India Movement]] called by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1942 being its most rubric event. After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of [[Bombay State]]. In the 1950 the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north.
After 1955, when the [[State of Bombay]] was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. [[Bombay Citizens' commitee]], an advocacy group comprising of leading [[Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status. However, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on May 1, 1960.
The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the [[Bombay Riots|riots]] of 1992–93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, on March 12, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of co-ordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by Islamic groups and the Bombay underworld killed around three hundred people.
In 1996, the city was renamed ''Mumbai''<ref>http://geography.about.com/b/2008/11/26/mumbai-was-bombay.htm</ref> by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local names. There have also been armed attacks, sponsored by Islamic groups, on public transport buses in past years. In 2006, Mumbai was also the site of a [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings]] in which over two hundred people were killed when several bombs exploded almost simultaneously on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=2006-09-30 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2008-08-13}}</ref> Recently the city has seen a series of politically motivated assaults on the North Indian population by the members of [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]], a party headed by [[Raj Thackeray]].<ref>http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10255505.html</ref>
On the evening of 26 November, 2008, a group of armed men launched [[November 2008 Mumbai attacks|attacks in the southern part of Mumbai]], killing over 160 people, injuring hundreds and taking hostages in multiple locations.<ref>http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=p_esnE-3Z3p-HehX1YOZIaw</ref> Amongst those killed was [[Hemant Karkare]], the chief of the [[Mumbai police]]'s anti-terror squad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/india.attacks/index.html |title=Live Breaking News: Mumbai toll climbs as hotel standoffs remain |date=2008-11-27 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2008-11-27}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}