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'''Rudolph William "Rudy" Giuliani''' (born May 28, 1944 in [[Brooklyn]], NY) is a former two-term [[Mayor]] of [[New York City]], former [[United States Attorney]] and [[Deputy U.S. Attorney General]].  As mayor of New York City he became a media favorite based on his [[liberal]] positions on [[abortion]] and [[homosexuality]] and his devotion to the press.  As mayor he would hold almost daily press conferences, and his personal indiscretions became favorite topics for the media.  Despite his shortcomings in preparation and immediate response to the terrorist attacks of [[9/11]], the media hailed him as "America's Mayor" for his frequent media appearances afterwards.

'''Rudolph William "Rudy" Giuliani''' (born May 28, 1944 in [[Brooklyn]], NY) gained worldwide fame and became a hero to conservatives for his decisive action in the aftermath of the [[9/11]] attacks. He was person of the YEar and became known as "America's Mayor." As [[Republican Party|Republican]] mayor of New York City he cleaned up crime, cut taxes, built up business, fought the unions, and restored the future of the city, gaining the reputation as one of the greatest mayors in history. Previously he was [[United States Attorney]] and Deputy U.S. Attorney General.  In 2007-8 Giuliani emerged as an early front-runner for the Republican presidential nomination, but faltered late in 2007 and did poorly in the primaries.

 

Giuliani brought a new, conservative approach to the ills of New York City. He argued that crime's root cause was not poverty but poor law enforcement; poverty was not alleviated by social welfare programs but perpetuated by them; and the public schools needed not more money but fewer bureaucrats. He made major efforts to reform city affairs, opposed at every step by labor unions, social-service agencies, the school bureaucracy, and identity-group politicians.  He became a media favorite based on his conservative crime fighting and his liberal positions on [[abortion]] and [[homosexuality]].  As mayor he would hold almost daily press conferences, and his personal indiscretions regarding his married life became favorite topics for the media.   

== Early Life ==

== Early Life ==

Rudolph W. Giuliani was born to a working class Italian family in Brooklyn, New York. As the grandson of immigrants, Mayor Giuliani developed a strong work ethic and a deep respect for America's ideal of equal opportunity. He attended Catholic parochial schools including Brooklyn's Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School (Class of '61). he graduated from Manhattan College (Class of '65) and New York University Law School, magna cum laude in 1968.<ref>  "A Biography Of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani" The City of New York Office of the Mayor [http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html] </ref>

 

:In 1944, Rudolph W. Giuliani was born to a working class family in Brooklyn, New York. As the grandson of Italian immigrants, Mayor Giuliani learned a strong work ethic and a deep respect for America's ideal of equal opportunity. He attended Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School (Class of '61) in Brooklyn, Manhattan College (Class of '65) in the Bronx and New York University Law School in Manhattan, graduating magna cum laude in 1968.</blockquote>

== Personal Life ==

== Personal Life ==

==Legal Career==

==Legal Career==

According to his official biography<ref>  "A Biography Of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani" The City of New York Office of the Mayor [http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html] </ref>

The Reagan Administration brought Giuliani to Washington in 1981 as Associate Attorney General, the third highest position in the [[U.S. Department of Justice]]. He supervised all of the US Attorney Offices' Federal law enforcement agencies, the Bureau of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and the US Marshals.

:Upon graduation, Rudy Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York. In 1970, Giuliani joined the office of the U.S. Attorney. At age 29, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and rose to serve as executive US Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani was recruited to Washington, D.C., where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to the Deputy Attorney General. From 1977 to 1981, Giuliani returned to New York to practice law at Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler.

:In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General, the third highest position in the [[U.S. Department of Justice]]. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised all of the US Attorney Offices' Federal law enforcement agencies, the Bureau of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and the US Marshals.

In 1983, Reagan appointed Giuliani to be US Attorney for the Southern District of New York. he vigorously went after drug dealers and organized crime, seeking to break the web of corruption in government; he actively prosecuted white-collar criminals. He achieved an unprecedented record of 4,152 convictions with only 25 reversals.<ref>  "A Biography Of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani" The City of New York Office of the Mayor [http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html] </ref>

==Mayoral Campaigns and Service==

==Mayoral Campaigns and Service==

In 1989, Giuliani ran for mayor of New York City on the Republican and Liberal tickets, losing narrowly to Democrat David Dinkins. In a rematch in 1993, Giuliani stressed quality of life, crime, business and education. He was elected the 107th Mayor of the City of New York and in 1997 he was re-elected by a wide margin, carrying four out of five boroughs.

 

:In 1989, Giuliani entered the race for mayor of New York City as a candidate of the Republican and Liberal parties, losing by the closest margin in City history. However in 1993, his campaign focusing on quality of life, crime, business and education made him the 107th Mayor of the City of New York. In 1997 he was re-elected by a wide margin, carrying four out of New York City's five boroughs.

As Mayor, Rudy Giuliani sought to return accountability to city government and improve the quality of life for all New Yorkers. Under his leadership, overall crime fell 57%, murder was reduced 65%, and New York was been recognized by the F.B.I. as the safest large city in America for five consecutive years.  Among Giuliani's most notable accomplishments during his mayoralty was his successful assault on [[pornography]] businesses in [[Times Square]]. The neighborhood had long been a mecca for "sexually oriented businesses", but through a prolonged campaign which included maintaining an alliance of local businesses, conservative and feminist groups and the general public, Giuliani managed to clean it up and replaced it with legitimate theaters, restaurants and shops, making it a world class tourist attraction for families. In his 2008 presidential campaign, Giuliani repeatedly talked about his mayoral achievements, losing the attention of many supporters.<ref>"A Biography Of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani" The City of New York Office of the Mayor [http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/rwg/html/bio.html];  See also[http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/ "Time's 2001 Person of the Year Rudy Giuliani" ]</ref>

:As Mayor, Rudy Giuliani has returned accountability to City government and improved the quality of life for all New Yorkers. Under his leadership, overall crime is down 57%, murder has been reduced 65%, and New York City - once infamous around the world for its dangerous streets - has been recognized by the F.B.I. as the safest large city in America for the past five years. <ref> See also "Time's 2001 Person of the Year Rudy Giuliani"[http://www.time.com/time/poy2001/]</ref></blockquote>

In 2002 he published ''Leadership'', recounting his terms as mayor.

In 2002 he published ''Leadership'', recounting his terms as mayor.

==September 11 Terrorist Attacks==

==September 11 Terrorist Attacks==

On Sept. 10, 2001, Giuliani was known as a crime fighter from his days as a United States attorney and as the mayor who had overseen New York's revival, including a 40% drop in crime.  But at home his approval rating hovered around 50 percent. In any case, he was a lame duck, barred by term limits from seeking re-election, in a city that in any case felt increasingly worn out by eight years of combativeness and racial tension. The year before, after a surprisingly rocky re-election campaign, a diagnosis of prostate cancer had led him to reject a run for the Senate seat eventually won by Hillary Rodham Clinton. And while his supporters talked of a presidential bid, the prospect seemed a long shot for a Republican who supported abortion rights and restrictions on gun sales.  

On Sept. 10, 2001, Giuliani was known as a crime fighter; his approval rating hovered around 50 percent. He was a [[lame duck]], barred by term limits from seeking re-election, in a city that in any case felt increasingly worn out by eight years of his combative style. And while his supporters talked of a presidential bid, the prospect seemed a long shot for a Republican who supported abortion rights and restrictions on gun sales.  

A week after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]], due to his almost universally acclaimed leadership in the aftermath of that tragedy, his approval rating hovered at nearly 80%. Since then he has been on almost every short list of Republican contenders. In his talks, Giuliani uses Sept. 11 to make two points. The first is that he has proven himself to be a leader, and having a proven leader in these troubled times, he tells audiences, is more important than whether you agree with everything he stands for. The other is that his handling of the aftermath of the terrorist attacks proved his competency. <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/us/politics/12topic-giuliani.html?_r=1&oref=slogin</ref>

A week after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]], due to his almost universally acclaimed leadership in the aftermath of that tragedy, his approval rating hovered at nearly 80%. Since then he has been on almost every short list of Republican contenders. In his talks, Giuliani uses Sept. 11 to make two points. The first is that he has proven himself to be a leader, and having a proven leader in these troubled times, he tells audiences, is more important than whether you agree with everything he stands for. The other is that his handling of the aftermath of the terrorist attacks proved his competency. <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/us/politics/12topic-giuliani.html?_r=1&oref=slogin</ref>

The International Association of Fire Fighters, America's largest union of [[firefighter]]s, posted a grievence against Giuliani's November 2001 decision to reduce the number of firefighters searching the rubble of Ground Zero for the remains of some 300 fallen comrades. Their argument is that Giuliani's decisions meant that firefighters and citizens who died would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever or be removed like other rubble and garbage and deposited in landfills.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/09/giuliani.firefighters.ap/index.html</ref>

The International Association of Fire Fighters, America's largest union of [[firefighter]]s, posted a grievance against Giuliani's November 2001 decision to reduce the number of firefighters searching the rubble of Ground Zero for the remains of some 300 fallen comrades.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/09/giuliani.firefighters.ap/index.html</ref>

 

 

Giuliani ran for the Republican nomination for president of the United States in 2008.  After the [[John McCain]] campaign apparently collapsed in mid 2007, Giuliani took the lead in national polls until December 2007, when he began to fall behind other candidates.<ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/republican_presidential_nomination-192.html#polls</ref>  

According to one news report, "Giuliani's backers also released an open letter to firefighters from retired New York firefighter Lee Ielpi that calls the union's accusations 'offensive and inaccurate.' Ielpi lost his oldest son, 29-year-old New York City firefighter Jonathan Lee Ielpi, on Sept. 11.

Downplaying his moderate views on abortion, gun control and immigration, Giuliani emphasized his heroic leadership of New York City after 9-11, as well as his cutting crime in the city and his hard-line stance against terrorism. Although he campaigned vigorously, he was so focused on his own record in New York that he did not make contact with what the voters were interested in. Worse, he could not shake off charges of corruption. He lost most of his support in the last two months of 2007. He won only 3.5% of voters in Iowa; 8.5% in New Hampshire; 2.8% in Michigan; 4.3% in Nevada and 2.1% in South Carolina. Pulling out of other states, he concentrated all his efforts in a losing battle for Florida, where he ran third with a mere 15%. Analysts noted the more voters saw of Giuliani, the fewer supported him.<ref>Matthew Continetti, "The Giuliani Implosion: From frontrunner to also-ran in eight short weeks," [http://weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/584edbsw.asp ''The Weekly Standard'' Jan. 21, 2008]; Justin Wolfers, "How Rudy's Bet Went Wrong," [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120111080410210391.html?mod=rss_Politics_And_Policy ''Wall Street Journal'' Jan. 23, 2008]; Michael Powell and Michael Cooper, "For Giuliani, a Dizzying Free-Fall", [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/30/us/politics/30giuliani.html?ref=politics ''New York Times'' Jan. 30, 2008]</ref>

'I was deeply disappointed and disheartened to learn of the recent partisan political activities' by the IAFF, he wrote. 'Firefighters have no greater friend and supporter than Rudy Giuliani,' Ielpi said."<ref> Firefighters Claim Giuliani Ignored Needs After 9/11 (Update2) by Kim Chipman Bloomberg News, March 9, 2007 [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=a8o5p2XiTQhk&refer=us]</ref>

He left the race after Florida and endorsed McCain. When McCain was nominated Giuliani criss-crossed the country speaking on his behalf.  

Giuliani's campaign staff noted that the IAFF endorsed Senator [[John Kerry]]'s presidential bid in 2003 when the Massachusetts Democrat was still considered a long shot.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=a8o5p2XiTQhk&refer=us</ref>

==Political Views==  

==Political Views==  

===[[Immigration]]===

===[[Immigration]]===

Rudy Giuliani's position on illegal immigration has changed over the years. In 1996, he said that "We're never, ever going to be able to totally control immigration in a country that is as large as ours." He went on to say, "If you were to totally control immigration into the United States, you might very well destroy the economy of the United States, because you'd have to inspect everything and everyone in every way possible." As Mayor, Giuliani said that, "There isn’t a mayor or public official in this country that is more strongly pro immigrant than I am. Including disagreeing with President Clinton when he signed an anti immigrant legislation about 2 or 3 years ago." However, now his view on Immiration is much more conservative. In February 2007, in a meeting with [[California]] Republicans, Giuliani was quoted as saying "We need a [[border]] fence, and a highly technological one." And identify every non-citizen in the country.

Rudy Giuliani's position on illegal immigration has changed over the years. In 1996, he said that "We're never, ever going to be able to totally control immigration in a country that is as large as ours." He went on to say, "If you were to totally control immigration into the United States, you might very well destroy the economy of the United States, because you'd have to inspect everything and everyone in every way possible." As Mayor, Giuliani said that, "There isn’t a mayor or public official in this country that is more strongly pro immigrant than I am. Including disagreeing with President Clinton when he signed an anti immigrant legislation about 2 or 3 years ago." In 2007 his rhetoric became more conservative. In February 2007, he told a meeting with California Republicans, "We need a border fence, and a highly technological one."<ref> [http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/giuliani_immigration/2007/09/07/30827.html Rudy: Illegal Immigration Not a Crime], [[NewsMax]], September 7, 2007</ref>

Giuliani defends New York City's sanctuary policy. <ref> [http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/giuliani_immigration/2007/09/07/30827.html Rudy: Illegal Immigration Not a Crime], [[NewsMax]], September 7, 2007</ref>

===[[Iraq]]===

===Iraq===

Rudy Giuliani strongly supports completing the mission in Iraq and hunting for terrorists and insurgents. Giuliani was described by [[Newsweek]] magazine in January of 2007 as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq."  

Giuliani strongly supports completing the mission in [[Iraq]] and hunting for terrorists and insurgents. Giuliani was described by [[Newsweek]] magazine in January of 2007 as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq."  

===Personal Tax===

===Personal Tax===

===Same-Sex Marriage===

===Same-Sex Marriage===

Although Rudy Giuliani does not support same-sex marriage, he does support "domestic partnerships" that provide stability for Americans who are in non-traditional relationships.

Although Rudy Giuliani does not support same-sex marriage, he does support "domestic partnerships" that provide stability for Americans who are in non-traditional relationships.

==Endorsements for the 2008 Presidential Election==

==Endorsements for the 2008 Presidential Election==

*Actor [[Kevin James]], stand-up comedian who played Doug Heffernan on the [[King of Queens]]

*Actor [[Kevin James]], stand-up comedian who played Doug Heffernan on the [[King of Queens]]

== Further Reading ==

== Further Reading ==

 

*[http://www.rd.com/content/the-contenders-2008--rudy-giuliani/ Rudy Giuliani - 2008 Presidential Candidate]

* Polner, Robert, and Jimmy Breslin, eds. ''America's Mayor, America's President?: The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani'' (2007) Hostile essays. These authors catalogue mayor's vindictiveness, pettiness, totalitarian approach to governing, and his tight control of information and the press.[http://www.amazon.com/Americas-Mayor-President-Strange-Giuliani/dp/1933368942/ref=pd_bbs_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208716844&sr=8-3cerpt and text search]  

*About: Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11, 2006

* Siegel, Fred, and Harry Siegel. ''The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life'' (2005), analytical and academic study in-depth [http://www.amazon.com/Prince-City-Giuliani-Genius-American/dp/1594030847/ref=pd_bbs_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1208717030&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

*Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani, Wayne Barrett, 2005

*The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life, by Fred Siegel, 2005

*Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City, by Andrew Kirtzman, 2000

 

==References==

==References==

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