Changes

In contrast, the English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a practice that required the application of legal property rights to the new conditions.  The typical English settlements were quite compact and small--under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, viz. who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley.<ref> Allan Kulikoff, ''From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers'' (2000)</ref>  The [[French and Indian Wars]] of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the lands west to the Mississippi River. By the early 1770s Americans were moving across the Appalachians into [[Pittsburgh, History before 1800|western Pennsylvania]], Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio.  

In contrast, the English colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the New World for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a practice that required the application of legal property rights to the new conditions.  The typical English settlements were quite compact and small--under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, viz. who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley.<ref> Allan Kulikoff, ''From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers'' (2000)</ref>  The [[French and Indian Wars]] of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the lands west to the Mississippi River. By the early 1770s Americans were moving across the Appalachians into [[Pittsburgh, History before 1800|western Pennsylvania]], Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio.  

==Early National Era, 1770s-1830s==

==Early National Era, 1770s-1830s==

After the Revolutionary war ended (1781), the Americans in large numbers poured into the west.  In some areas they had to battle the Indian tribes.  No Indians lived in Kentucky but they sent raiding parties to stop the newcomers, like [[Abe Lincoln]]'s grandfather (who was scalped in 1786 near Louisville.) The [[War of 1812]] marked the final confrontation between major Indian forces trying to stop the advance, with British aid. American frontier militiamen under [[Andrew Jackson]] defeated the Creeks and opened the Southwest, while militia under [[William Henry Harrison]] defeated the Indian-British alliance at a battle in Canada. The death in battle of the Indian leader [[Tecumseh]] dissolved the coalition of hostile Indian tribes. In general the frontiersmen battled the Indians with little help from the U.S. Army or the federal government.  Indeed, the regular army set up a line of forts designed to keep the Indians and settlers apart.

After the Revolutionary war ended (1781), the Americans in large numbers poured into the west.  In some areas they had to battle the Indian tribes.  No Indians lived in Kentucky but they sent raiding parties to stop the newcomers, like [[Abe Lincoln]]'s grandfather (who was scalped in 1786 near Louisville.) The [[War of 1812]] marked the final confrontation between major Indian forces trying to stop the advance, with British aid. American frontier militiamen under [[Andrew Jackson]] defeated the Creeks and opened the Southwest, while militia under [[William Henry Harrison]] defeated the Indian-British alliance at a battle in Canada. The death in battle of the Indian leader [[Tecumseh]] dissolved the coalition of hostile Indian tribes. In general the frontiersmen battled the Indians with little help from the U.S. Army or the federal government.  Indeed, the regular army set up a line of forts designed to keep the Indians and settlers apart.

* Bouton, Terry. "The New and (Somewhat) Improved Frontier Thesis," ''Reviews in American History'' Volume 35, Number 4, December 2007 online at [[Project Muse]]

* Bouton, Terry. "The New and (Somewhat) Improved Frontier Thesis," ''Reviews in American History'' Volume 35, Number 4, December 2007 online at [[Project Muse]]

* Hine, Robert V.  and John Mack Faragher. ''Frontiers: A Short History of the American West '' (2008), recent textbook [http://www.amazon.com/Frontiers-Short-History-American-Western/dp/030013620X/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209351127&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Hine, Robert V.  and John Mack Faragher. ''Frontiers: A Short History of the American West '' (2008), recent textbook [http://www.amazon.com/Frontiers-Short-History-American-Western/dp/030013620X/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209351127&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Kearns, Gerry. "The Virtuous Circle of Facts and Values in the New Western History," ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' (1998) 88 (3), 377–409.  

* Kearns, Gerry. "The Virtuous Circle of Facts and Values in the New Western History," ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'' (1998) 88 (3), 377–409.  

* Lamar, Howard R. ed. ''The New Encyclopedia of the American West'' (1998), 1000+ pages of articles by scholars  

* Lamar, Howard R. ed. ''The New Encyclopedia of the American West'' (1998), 1000+ pages of articles by scholars