Changes

'''Charles Sumner''' (1811–1874) was an [[abolitionist]] U.S. Senator from Massachusetts who drove to eradicate slavery and who became a [[Radical Republican]] after the [[Civil War]].  A founder of the [[Republican Party]], Sumner served Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate for 23 years.  

'''Charles Sumner''' (1811–1874) was an [[abolitionist]] U.S. Senator from Massachusetts who sought to end slavery; he was the Senate leader of the [[Radical Republican]] faction during the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction]], where he fought to suppress Confederate nationalism and sought to promote the equality of the Freedmen (the freed slaves).  A founder of the [[Republican Party]], Sumner served Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate for 23 years. He broke with President [[Ulysses Grant]] in 1871 and supported the [[Liberal Republican Party]] in 1872; Grant retaliated by having the Senate strip away his powerful chairmanship of the Foreign Relations Committee.

His strident stand against slavery and insulting language drove Congressman [[Preston Brooks]] of South Carolina to fly into a rage and violently beat Sumner with the head of his cane, as Sumner sat at his desk on the floor of the U.S. Senate<ref>http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/CharlesSumner.htm</ref>. Sumner did not recover for three more years, when he retook his seat on the Senate<ref>http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASsumner.htm</ref>.  The beating is the subject of a famous political cartoon by [[John Magee]] subtitled: ''Southern Chivalry: Argument vs Clubs?''

His strident stand against slavery and insulting language drove Congressman [[Preston Brooks]] of South Carolina to fly into a rage and violently beat Sumner with the head of his cane, as Sumner sat at his desk on the floor of the U.S. Senate<ref>http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/CharlesSumner.htm</ref>. Sumner did not recover for three more years, when he retook his seat on the Senate<ref>http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASsumner.htm</ref>.  The beating is the subject of a famous political cartoon by [[John Magee]] subtitled: ''Southern Chivalry: Argument vs Clubs?''

He helped create the shortlived Liberal Republican Party <ref>http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/CharlesSumner.htm</ref><ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Sumner-C.html</ref>

He helped create the shortlived Liberal Republican Party <ref>http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/CharlesSumner.htm</ref><ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Sumner-C.html</ref>

 

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Political People|Sumner, Charles]]

[[Category:Political People|Sumner, Charles]]