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*Are less likely to engage in risky unprotected sex; and
*Are less likely to engage in risky unprotected sex; and
*Will have fewer sexual partners.
*Will have fewer sexual partners.
In contrast, a study by Janet Elise Rosenbaum PhD, published in the January 2009 edition of the journal ''Pediatrics''<ref>Rosenbaum, Janet '''Patient Teenagers? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers''', ''Pediatrics'' 2009, vol 123, issue 1, e110-e120</ref>,addressed the sexual behavior of socially/religiously conservative students who signed a virginity pledge compared to the sexual behavior of socially/religiously conservative students who did not sign a pledge. This study found that pledgers and nonpledgers were not different in likelihood of premarital sex (53% vs 57%), age at first sex (21.2 vs 20.7), number of lifetime sexual partners (3.2 vs 3.5), and number of sexual encounters in the previous year (22.8 vs. 23.6). Overall there were no differences between the two groups in 12 of 14 measured sexual behaviors, 3 of 3 STD rates, and 4 of 4 marriage outcomes. The study did not address overall pregnancy rates, teen pregnancy rates, or birth rates. Rosenbaum found that pledgers did differ from socially similar nonpledgers in the following ways:
*Unmarried pledgers were less likely to report using birth control and condoms over the last year;
*Unmarried pledgers were less likely to report using birth control at last intercourse;
*Pledgers reported 1.09 last-year sexual partners, compared to 1.2 last-year partners for nonpledgers; and
*1.04% of pledgers reported having been paid for sex, compared to 3.34% of non-pledgers.
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