Changes

==Israel==

==Israel==

While the Kassites were in control of Babylon, the oldest formed religion still active in the world began: Judaism.  Descendents of Abraham, who lived in Ur around 2000 B.C., the Hebrews migrated away from Ur in Mesopotamia to Palestine, where they resided in about 1500 B.C.  But they migrated over to Egypt to escape a bad famine.  There they generally served as slaves for over 400 years, though they undoubtedly contributed greatly to the intellectual progress of the Egyptian culture.  As described in Exodus, Moses (who had been adopted by a royal family there) ultimately led 600,000 Hebrews out of Egypt around 1250 B.C.  Egyptian historians refer to slaves and captives called “Hapiru”, but it is debated whether these were the Hebrews.  Regardless, the Bible contains many verified references to the Egyptian pharaohs demonstrating that the Jewish ancestors were in Egypt.  The Hebrew escape from Egypt is called the “Exodus”, and is described by that book in the Old Testament.  During the passage, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai. (In Manhattan today there is a famous medical school on the upper East Side named “Mount Sinai.”)  Moses is also credited as being the scribe for the first five books of the Bible (the “Pentateuch” or, in parchment scroll in the Jewish liturgy, the “Torah”).

While the Kassites were in control of Babylon, the oldest formed religion still active in the world began: Judaism.  Descendants of Abraham, who lived in Ur around 2000 B.C., the Hebrews migrated away from Ur in Mesopotamia to Palestine, where they resided in about 1500 B.C.  But they migrated over to Egypt to escape a bad famine.  There they generally served as slaves for over 400 years, though they undoubtedly contributed greatly to the intellectual progress of the Egyptian culture.  As described in Exodus, Moses (who had been adopted by a royal family there) ultimately led 600,000 Hebrews out of Egypt around 1250 B.C.  Egyptian historians refer to slaves and captives called “Hapiru”, but it is debated whether these were the Hebrews.  Regardless, the Bible contains many verified references to the Egyptian pharaohs demonstrating that the Jewish ancestors were in Egypt.  The Hebrew escape from Egypt is called the “Exodus”, and is described by that book in the Old Testament.  During the passage, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai. (In Manhattan today there is a famous medical school on the upper East Side named “Mount Sinai.”)  Moses is also credited as being the scribe for the first five books of the Bible (the “Pentateuch” or, in parchment scroll in the Jewish liturgy, the “Torah”).

While most ancient peoples worshiped many pagan (non-existent) gods, the Hebrews worshiped only one God (but even the Hebrews had false gods – note the Second Commandment).  The Hebrews referred to God as “Yahweh” (or “Jehovah”), and to this day some observant Jewish people consider it improper to write the name of God and instead write “G-d”.  “Yahweh” simply means “I am who I am,” written in the Hebrew language (which lacks vowels) as YHWH.  (“Yah” by itself means simply, “I am”.)  It is the name God instructed Moses use at the encounter at the miraculous burning bush that continued to burn without destruction in Exodus 3:14:  “God said to Moses, ‘I AM WHO I AM’; and He said, ‘Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”

While most ancient peoples worshiped many pagan (non-existent) gods, the Hebrews worshiped only one God (but even the Hebrews had false gods – note the Second Commandment).  The Hebrews referred to God as “Yahweh” (or “Jehovah”), and to this day some observant Jewish people consider it improper to write the name of God and instead write “G-d”.  “Yahweh” simply means “I am who I am,” written in the Hebrew language (which lacks vowels) as YHWH.  (“Yah” by itself means simply, “I am”.)  It is the name God instructed Moses use at the encounter at the miraculous burning bush that continued to burn without destruction in Exodus 3:14:  “God said to Moses, ‘I AM WHO I AM’; and He said, ‘Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”

David’s son was Solomon, who ruled for forty years (965-925 B.C.) and constructed the great temple of Jerusalem.  He was known for his wisdom and justice.  He created two states: Israel in the north, with a capital at Samaria, and Judah in the south, with a capital at Jerusalem.  But Solomon also taxed the Hebrews heavily and, after he died, the empire fell into decline.  The Kingdom of Israel split after the death of Solomon.  I Kings 12.

David’s son was Solomon, who ruled for forty years (965-925 B.C.) and constructed the great temple of Jerusalem.  He was known for his wisdom and justice.  He created two states: Israel in the north, with a capital at Samaria, and Judah in the south, with a capital at Jerusalem.  But Solomon also taxed the Hebrews heavily and, after he died, the empire fell into decline.  The Kingdom of Israel split after the death of Solomon.  I Kings 12.

 

Judah in the south survived longer than Israel in the north.  The southern Kingdom of Judah consisted of two of the twelve Hebrew tribes, while the northern Kingdom of Israel had the other ten Hebrew tribes.  But due to its northern location, the Kingdom of Israel had to contend with Assyria, which was cruel and extremely powerful kingdom of northern Mesopotamia.  It was located in present-day northern Iraq and at times controlled the northern part of present-day Syria.  It became an independent state in the 14th century B.C., expanded in the 9th century B.C. and, under powerful kings like Sargon II, united most of the Middle East from Egypt to the Persian Gulf under Assyrian rule.  It was finally destroyed by a Chaldean-Median coalition in 612-609 B.C.

Judah in the south survived longer than Israel in the north.  The southern Kingdom of Judah consisted of two of the twelve Hebrew tribes, while the northern Kingdom of Israel had the other ten Hebrew tribes.  But due to its northern location, the Kingdom of Israel had to contend with Assyria, which was cruel and extremely powerful kingdom of northern Mesopotamia.  It was located in present-day northern Iraq and at times controlled the northern part of present-day Syria.  It became an independent state in the 14th century B.C., expanded in the 9th century B.C. and, under powerful kings like Sargon II, united most of the Middle East from Egypt to the Persian Gulf under Assyrian rule.  It was finally destroyed by a Chaldean-Median coalition in 612-609 B.C.