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[[image:bookert.jpg|200px|thumb|Booker T. Washington]]

[[image:bookert.jpg|200px|thumb|Booker T. Washington]]

'''Booker Taliaferro Washington''' (1856-1915) was the most important political and educational leader of the [[African-American]] community 1890-1915.  He was the most important black leader of the [[Progressive Era]], and his dedication to [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]] set the goals for the black community.  He is most famous for his autobiography, ''Up from Slavery,'' his leadership of black conservative business and religious leaders, his founding of Tuskeegee  Institute, and his emphasis on self-help and education as the cure for poverty and the second class status of blacks in America.  In his "Atlanta Compromise" of 1895 he reluctantly accepted Jim Crow, segregation and disfranchisement in return for black freedom in economic, religious and cultural affairs. Washington was highly popular among top white leaders and most blacks, but his approach was attacked after 1909 as too conservative by [[W.E.B. DuBois]] and the [[NAACP]].

'''Booker Taliaferro Washington''' (1856-1915) was the most important political and educational leader of the [[African-American]] community 1890-1915.  He was the most important black leader of the [[Progressive Era]], and his dedication to [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]] set the goals for the black community.  He is most famous for his autobiography, ''Up from Slavery,'' his leadership of black conservative business and religious leaders, his founding of Tuskeegee  Institute, and his emphasis on self-help and education as the cure for poverty and the second class status of blacks in America.  In his "Atlanta Compromise" of 1895 he reluctantly accepted Jim Crow, segregation and disfranchisement in return for black freedom in economic, religious and cultural affairs. Washington was highly popular among top white leaders and most blacks, but his approach was attacked after 1909 as too conservative by [[W.E.B. DuBois]] and the [[NAACP]].  He is held in high regard by black conservatives.

==Life==

==Life==

==See also==

==See also==

* [[Black history]]

* [[Black history]]

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, ed ''Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: Up from Slavery 100 Years Later'' (2003).

* Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, ed ''Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: Up from Slavery 100 Years Later'' (2003).

* Harlan, Louis R. ''Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1900'' (1972) the standard biography, vol 1.

* Harlan, Louis R. ''Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1900'' (1972) the standard biography, vol 1.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78995092 Louis R. Harlan. 'Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901-1915'' (1983)], the standard scholarly biography vol 2.

* Harlan, Louis R.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78995092 ''Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901-1915'' (1983)], the standard scholarly biography vol 2.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104404815 Louis R. Harlan. ''Booker T. Washington in Perspective: Essays of Louis R. Harlan'' (1988)].

* Harlan, Louis R.  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104404815 ''Booker T. Washington in Perspective: Essays of Louis R. Harlan'' (1988)].

*Louis R. Harlan.  "The Secret Life of Booker T. Washington."  ''Journal of Southern History'' 37:2 (1971).  in JSTOR Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.

* Harlan, Louis R.   "The Secret Life of Booker T. Washington."  ''Journal of Southern History'' 37:2 (1971).  in JSTOR Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106358296 Linda O. McMurry. ''George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol'' (1982)]

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106358296 Linda O. McMurry. ''George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol'' (1982)]

*August Meier.  "Toward a Reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington."  ''The Journal of Southern History,'' 23#2 (May, 1957), pp. 220-227. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(195705)23%3A2%3C220%3ATAROBT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR].  Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.

*Meier, August.  "Toward a Reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington."  ''The Journal of Southern History,'' 23#2 (May, 1957), pp. 220-227. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(195705)23%3A2%3C220%3ATAROBT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR].  Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104912065 Cary D. Wintz, ''African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph'' (1996)].

* Norrell, Robert J. ''Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington'' (2009), new, favorable scholarly biography

* Wintz, Cary D. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104912065 ''African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph'' (1996)].

[[Category:Progressive Era]]

[[Category:Progressive Era]]

[[Category:Black History]]

[[Category:Black History]]