17,394
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 8:
Line 8: + + + + + + + + − In 1850-1950 most cities, even small ones, had several daily newspapers, each catering to a political party or faction. The trend in recent years has been toward consolidation as cities are no longer being able to support so many newspapers. [[Washington, D.C.]], for example, now has only two daily newspapers. Another trend in recent years is the [[proliferation]] of free weekly newspapers. These make their money selling advertising and are distributed to readers free of charge. Many of these free weeklies are socially liberal. − + + Line 28:
Line 36: + + + + + + + + + + +
add history x First Party System
Newspapers do have one advantage over news channels that have helped them stay afloat: there is no way to send [[comics]] over the airwaves. Therefore, newspapers make money by publishing comic strips like "For Better Or For Worse", "Mallard Fillmore", and the popular "Mutts". Another reason why newspapers have remained profitable is [[advertising]]. If newspapers had to rely solely on subscriptions and newsstand sales for their income, they would not be profitable. Newspapers suffer from declining sales, and fewer young people read them.
Newspapers do have one advantage over news channels that have helped them stay afloat: there is no way to send [[comics]] over the airwaves. Therefore, newspapers make money by publishing comic strips like "For Better Or For Worse", "Mallard Fillmore", and the popular "Mutts". Another reason why newspapers have remained profitable is [[advertising]]. If newspapers had to rely solely on subscriptions and newsstand sales for their income, they would not be profitable. Newspapers suffer from declining sales, and fewer young people read them.
===Dailies===
In 1850-1950 most cities, even small ones, had several daily newspapers, each catering to a political party or faction. The trend in recent years has been toward consolidation as cities are no longer being able to support so many newspapers. [[Washington, D.C.]], for example, now has only two daily newspapers. Another trend in recent years is the [[proliferation]] of free weekly newspapers. These make their money selling advertising and are distributed to readers free of charge. Many of these free weeklies are socially liberal.
==History==
===First Party System===
During the [[First Party System]], newspapers proliferated because they were sponsored by the two main parties, the [[Federalists]] and the [[Democratic Republican Party]] (the Jeffersonian Republicans). [[John Fenno]] began publishing his ''Gazette of the United States'' in April 1789 hoping it would become the official paper of the newly formed national government; soon [[Alexander Hamilton]] was encouraging and subsidizing him. [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]], leading the opposition to Hamilton, persuaded [[Philip M. Freneau]], a brilliant poet, to found the ''National Gazette'' in Philadelphia in October 1791. Jefferson even put Freneau on the State Department payroll. The ''National Gazette'' at first served as a successful political tool for the Jeffersonians as it defined arguments against Hamilton's policies while rebutting Fenno's editorials. The ''National Gazette'' collapsed in 1793 due to weak circulation and the political fallout over Jefferson and Madison's financial involvement in founding the paper.
[[Image:NEWS1800.JPG|thumb|275px|left|rapid growth of party newspapers]]
Hamilton set uip his own stable of Federalist papers. His editor in New York City was [[Noah Webster]]. In 1793, Hamilton loaned him $1500 to move to New York City and edit a newspaper for the new [[Federalist Party]]. In December Webster founded New York's first daily newspaper, ''American Minerva'' (later known as ''The Commercial Advertiser''). He edited it for four years, writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials. He also published the semi-weekly publication, ''The Herald, A Gazette for the country'' (later known as ''The New York Spectator''). As a partisan, he soon was denounced by the Democratic-Republicans as "a pusillanimous, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot," "an incurable lunatic," and "a deceitful newsmonger ... Pedagogue and Quack." Fellow Federalist Cobbett labeled him "a traitor to the cause of Federalism", calling him "a toad in the service of sans-cullottism," "a prostitute wretch," "a great fool, and a barefaced liar," "a spiteful viper," and "a maniacal pedant." The master of words was distressed. Even the use of words like "the people," "democracy," and "equality" in public debate bothered him, for such words were "metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning, or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend." <ref>Joseph Ellis, ''After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture'' (1979) pp 199, 206.</ref>
==Further reading==
By 1796, both parties had a national network of newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently. In 1802 the New York ''Evening Post,'' with large amounts of advertising by Federalist merchants, published a daily edition for 1100 subscribers in the city, and a weekly edition that circulated to 1600 subscribers nationwide. The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs. Hamilton's vices, both personal and political, were favorite targets,
==Bibliography==
* Blanchard, Margaret A., ed. ''History of the Mass Media in the United States, An Encyclopedia.'' (1998)
* Blanchard, Margaret A., ed. ''History of the Mass Media in the United States, An Encyclopedia.'' (1998)
* Brennen, Bonnie and Hanno Hardt, eds. ''Picturing the Past: Media, History and Photography.'' (1999)
* Brennen, Bonnie and Hanno Hardt, eds. ''Picturing the Past: Media, History and Photography.'' (1999)
* Starr, Paul. ''The Creation of the Media: Political origins of Modern Communications'' (2004), far ranging history of all forms of media in 19th and 20th century US and Europe; Pulitzer prize [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0465081932/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Starr, Paul. ''The Creation of the Media: Political origins of Modern Communications'' (2004), far ranging history of all forms of media in 19th and 20th century US and Europe; Pulitzer prize [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0465081932/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Streitmatter, Rodger. ''Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History'' (1997)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27157650 online edition]
* Streitmatter, Rodger. ''Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History'' (1997)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27157650 online edition]
===Politiccs 1790-1860==
* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]
* Knudson, Jerry W. ''Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty'' (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo
* Nevins, Allan. ''The Evening Post: A Century of Journalism'' (1922) [http://books.google.com/books?id=q-F2daxBy1AC&pg=PA7&dq=inauthor:allan+inauthor:nevins&num=30&as_brr=1#PPA5,M1 online edition] ch 1-2
* Pasley, Jeffrey L. ''"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic'' (2003) (ISBN 0-8139-2177-5)
* Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." ''Early American Literature'' 2000 35(1): 51-86. Issn: 0012-8163 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ebsco
* Stewart, Donald H. ''The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era'' (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers
==See also==
==See also==
* [[William Randolph Hearst]]
* [[William Randolph Hearst]]
* [[Joseph Pulitzer]]
* [[Joseph Pulitzer]]
* [[First Party System]]
* [[Second Party System]]
* [[Third Party System]]
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
[[category:Journalists]]
[[category:Journalists]]
[[category:media]]
[[category:media]]