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==See also==
==See also==
* [[Culture War]]
* [[Otto von Bismark]]
* [[Otto von Bismark]]
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "The Kulturkampf and the Course of German History". ''Central European History'' 1986 19(1): 82-115. emphasizes the impact on Catholic voters [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4546060 in JSTOR]
* Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "The Kulturkampf and the Course of German History". ''Central European History'' 1986 19(1): 82-115. emphasizes the impact on Catholic voters [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4546060 in JSTOR]
* Blackbourn, David. "Progress and Piety: Liberalism, Catholicism and the State in Imperial Germany." ''History Workshop Journal'' (1988) (26): 57-78.
* Blackbourn, David. "Progress and Piety: Liberalism, Catholicism and the State in Imperial Germany." ''History Workshop Journal'' (1988) (26): 57-78.
* Evans, Ellen Lovell. ''The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism (1981)
* Clark, Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser, eds. ''Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/110766966?title=Culture%20Wars%3a%20%20Secular-Catholic%20Conflict%20in%20Nineteenth-Century%20Europe online edition], broad overview of similar conflicts across Europe, with strong bibliography.
* Evans, Ellen Lovell. ''The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/58362435?title=The%20German%20Center%20Party%2c%201870-1933%3a%20A%20Study%20in%20Political%20Catholicism online edition]
* Hatfield, Douglas W. "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform." ''Journal of Church and State'' 1981 23(3): 465-484. [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info:CNWtGGOpHusJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1 online version]
* Hatfield, Douglas W. "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform." ''Journal of Church and State'' 1981 23(3): 465-484. [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info:CNWtGGOpHusJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1 online version]
* Heilbronner, Oded. "Review: From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography," ''Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 72, No. 2 (Jun., 2000), pp. 453-495 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3079341 in JSTOR]
* Heilbronner, Oded. "Review: From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography," ''Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 72, No. 2 (Jun., 2000), pp. 453-495 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3079341 in JSTOR]
* Lamberti, Marjorie. "State, Church, and the Politics of School Reform during the Kulturkampf," ''Central European History,'' Vol. 19, No. 1 (Mar., 1986), pp. 63-81 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4546059 in JSTOR]
* Lamberti, Marjorie. "State, Church, and the Politics of School Reform during the Kulturkampf," ''Central European History,'' Vol. 19, No. 1 (Mar., 1986), pp. 63-81 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4546059 in JSTOR]
* Pflanze, Otto. ''Bismarck and the Development of Germany, vol. II: The Period of Consolidation, 1871—1880'' (1990).
* Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf and the Limitations of Power in Bismarck's Germany." ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' 1995 46(4): 669-688.
* Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf and the Limitations of Power in Bismarck's Germany." ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' 1995 46(4): 669-688.
* Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian State and the Limits of Coercion in Imperial Germany". ''Journal of Modern History'' 1984 56(3): 456-482. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1880020 in JSTOR]
* Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian State and the Limits of Coercion in Imperial Germany". ''Journal of Modern History'' 1984 56(3): 456-482. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1880020 in JSTOR]