Changes

==Nationalism==

==Nationalism==

Nationalism was a concept that arose at the same time as Romanticism.  Nationalists believed loyalty to one’s nation was of utmost importance.  They felt that society should be viewed as a whole, rather than as being made up of individuals.  In Germany and Italy, nationalism inspired unification.  The Congress of Vienna had left the independent city-states of Italy under Austrian control in the north and Spanish control in the south.  It had established Germany as a weak confederation of 39 states.

Nationalism was a concept that arose around the same time as Romanticism.  Nationalists believed loyalty to one’s nation was of utmost importance.  They felt that society should be viewed as a whole, rather than as being made up of individuals.  In Germany and Italy, nationalism inspired unification, where only loose connections had existed before.  For example, the Congress of Vienna had left the independent city-states of Italy under Austrian control in the north and Spanish control in the south and had established Germany as a weak confederation of 39 states.  Nationalism changed this.

===Italy===

===Italy===

In Italy, a prominent nationalist named Giuseppe Mazzini began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation, and formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.  Mazzini’s call for unification was premature, however; rulers of the various Italian states were not ready to unite.  But Mazzini’s efforts were not in vain.  Twenty years later, a fierce patriot and former member of the Brotherhood of Young Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi, led a revolution in Southern Italy, while King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont and his prime minister Count Cavour led one in northern Italy.  Garibaldi zealously rallied an entirely volunteer army in Sicily and successfully overthrew the Spanish Bourbon king of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.  Count Cavour eliminated Austrian control in northern Italy and the Italian people voted to unite their country in 1861.  Venice and Rome were both added by 1870.

In Italy, a prominent nationalist named Giuseppe Mazzini began to argue strongly for the unification of Italy as one nation, and formed the “Brotherhood of Young Italy” in 1831.  Mazzini’s call for unification was premature, however; the rulers of the various Italian states were not ready to unite.  But Mazzini’s efforts were not in vain.  Twenty years later, a fierce patriot and former member of the Brotherhood of Young Italy named Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolution in Southern Italy, while King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont and his prime minister Count Cavour led one in northern Italy.  Garibaldi zealously rallied an army (composed entirely of volunteers) in Sicily and successfully overthrew the Spanish Bourbon king of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.  Count Cavour eliminated Austrian control in northern Italy and the Italian people voted to unite their country in 1861.  Venice and Rome were both added to the union by 1870.

===Germany===

===Germany===

Germans were dissatisfied with the Confederation established by the Vienna settlement and the Frankfurt Assembly attempted unsuccessfully to unify in 1848.  Prussia, the strongest “German” state, established a “Customs Union”—which resembled a national market system—and parliament.  King Wilhelm I of Prussia chose Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck in 1862.  Fiercely patriotic to his native Prussia, Bismarck believed in “Realpolitik” (or reality politics) and sought to unify Germany under Prussian control.  He believed the only way this could be done was through a war.  Bismarck’s motto by which to wage this war was “by blood and iron,” and without Parliament’s approval he forced the northern states to join the Northern German Confederation.  When the southern states would not join, Bismarck tricked France into declaring the Franco-Prussian War, which Prussia won.  This accomplished Bismarck’s goal of attaining southern Germany, which was now willing to accept Prussian rule.  In 1871 the North and South were united into the new German Empire, the “Second Reich,” and Wilhelm was made “kaiser” (German word for “Caesar” or emperor, especially between 1871 to 1918).

Germans were dissatisfied with the Confederation established by the Vienna settlement and the Frankfurt Assembly attempted unsuccessfully to unify in 1848.  Prussia, the strongest “German” state, established a “Customs Union”—which resembled a national market system—and parliament.  King Wilhelm I of Prussia chose Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck in 1862.  Fiercely patriotic to his native Prussia, Bismarck believed in “Realpolitik” (or reality politics) and sought to unify Germany under Prussian control.  He believed the only way this could be done was through a war.  Bismarck’s motto by which he waged this war was “by blood and iron,” and without Parliament’s approval he forced the northern states to join the Northern German Confederation.  When the southern states would not join, Bismarck tricked France into declaring the Franco-Prussian War, which Prussia won.  This accomplished Bismarck’s goal of attaining southern Germany, which was now willing to accept Prussian rule.  In 1871 the North and South were united into the new German Empire, the “Second Reich,” and Wilhelm was made “kaiser” (A German word for “Caesar” or emperor, used primarily between 1871 to 1918).

==The Industrial Revolution==

==The Industrial Revolution==