Changes

However, many other problems arose.  Child labor increased and many families lived in crowded “tenements”, or apartments, which were unsanitary and often burned down in fires.  Urbanization—or the development and movement of people to cities—increased so rapidly that slums arose, garbage and sewage (there were no sewers) filled the streets and epidemics spread quickly.  Authors such as Charles Dickens in England and Victor Hugo in France wrote about the negative effects of industrialization.  In the U.S., the Confederate states bragged that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.   

However, many other problems arose.  Child labor increased and many families lived in crowded “tenements”, or apartments, which were unsanitary and often burned down in fires.  Urbanization—or the development and movement of people to cities—increased so rapidly that slums arose, garbage and sewage (there were no sewers) filled the streets and epidemics spread quickly.  Authors such as Charles Dickens in England and Victor Hugo in France wrote about the negative effects of industrialization.  In the U.S., the Confederate states bragged that slaves were treated better than northern factory workers.   

In response to many social problems, some insisted that government should control the economy.  Progressive taxation to redistribute wealth evenly among all citizens arose, and socialism became popular as a result of the industrial revolution.  But many others believed it was the responsibility of Christians, not the government, to care for the poor.  The social problems of industrialization inspired Christians to take action, especially in America and England.  [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon|Charles Spurgeon]] was a minister who attracted huge crowds in London and taught that faith without works is dead.  He urged Christians to take action and help the poor.  He participated in the establishment of Stockwell Orphanage in England in 1867.  In Germany, the Inner Mission was established by Johann H. Wichern in 1848.  In 1863, the Red Cross society was founded in Switzerland by Jean Henri Dunant, and was used in America during the Civil War.  In Bristol, England, George Mueller spent his life working to care for youth delinquents, orphans, and anyone poor and needy.  The YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), originally founded as a place for Bible study and prayer in England in 1844, found enormous popularity and spread to America.  In the 1860s, William and Catherine Booth founded the Salvation Army to provide food, clothing and shelter to the poor and homeless and spread the Gospel.  Many of these Christian institutions continue to exist today.

In response to many social problems, some insisted that government should control the economy.  Progressive taxation to redistribute wealth evenly among all citizens arose, and socialism became popular as a result of the industrial revolution.  But many others believed it was the responsibility of Christians, not the government, to care for the poor.  The social problems of industrialization inspired Christians to take action, especially in America and England.  [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon|Charles Spurgeon]] was a minister who attracted huge crowds in London and taught that faith without works is dead.  He urged Christians to take action and help the poor.  He participated in the establishment of Stockwell Orphanage in England in 1867.  In Germany, the Inner Mission was established by Johann H. Wichern in 1848.  In 1863, the Red Cross society was founded in Switzerland by Jean Henri Dunant, and an American Red Cross was subsequently founded by Clara Barton.  In Bristol, England, George Mueller spent his life working to care for youth delinquents, orphans, and anyone poor and needy.  The YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), originally founded as a place for Bible study and prayer in England in 1844, found enormous popularity and spread to America.  In the 1860s, William and Catherine Booth founded the Salvation Army to provide food, clothing and shelter to the poor and homeless and spread the Gospel.  Many of these Christian institutions continue to exist today.

== Post-Industrial Revolution ==

== Post-Industrial Revolution ==

=== Technology and Science ===

=== Technology and Science ===

Capitalism unleashed a burst of creative activity in science and technology.  Beginning in the 1870s, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, motion pictures and, even though he was mostly deaf, the phonograph.  In 1895 Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.  Henry Ford perfected the assembly line and manufactured the first automobiles in the early 1900s.  Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the first gasoline-powered airplane in 1903.

Capitalism unleashed a burst of creative activity in science and technology.  Beginning in the 1870s, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, motion pictures and, even though he was mostly deaf, the phonograph.  In 1895 Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio, while  Nikola Tesla patented a wireless radio transmitter.<ref>However, in 1943 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent and held in favor of Nikola Tesla, who claimed he first developed radio technology.[http://inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio.htm]</ref> Henry Ford perfected the assembly line and manufactured the first automobiles in the early 1900s.  Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the first gasoline-powered airplane in 1903.

Scientific and mathematical discoveries were equally marvelous.  Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), the greatest experimental scientist who ever lived, discovered how to kill bacteria in milk and in all liquids through pasteurization.  He also developed a rabies vaccine, first using it in response to a mother who begged him to save her young son, who had been just bitten by a rabid animal.  Pasteur did save her son’s life with his new vaccine.  Perhaps greatest of all was Pasteur’s discovery of the germ theory of disease, which more than anything has reduced illness and the spread of disease.  Pasteur explained that diseases are transmitted through germs.  Had people known this when the Black Death (bubonic plague) hit the world, far fewer would have died.   

Scientific and mathematical discoveries were equally marvelous.  Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), the greatest experimental scientist who ever lived, discovered how to kill bacteria in milk and in all liquids through pasteurization.  He also developed a rabies vaccine, first using it in response to a mother who begged him to save her young son, who had been just bitten by a rabid animal.  Pasteur did save her son’s life with his new vaccine.  Perhaps greatest of all was Pasteur’s discovery of the germ theory of disease, which more than anything has reduced illness and the spread of disease.  Pasteur explained that diseases are transmitted through germs.  Had people known this when the Black Death (bubonic plague) hit the world, far fewer would have died.   

Malaria was historically a problem in Africa (and still is today), but the antidote “quinine” was discovered that immunized Europeans against contracting it.

Malaria was historically a problem in Africa (and still is today), but the antidote “quinine” was discovered that immunized Europeans against contracting it.

Aided by all of the above, the Scotsman explorer and missionary David Livingston explored central Africa in the late 1860s.  He was searching for the source of the mighty Nile River.  Because the Nile is unusual in flowing south-to-north, its source could only be in central Africa in the vicinity of the Congo.

Aided by all of the above, the Scotsman explorer and missionary David Livingstone explored central Africa in the late 1860s.  He was searching for the source of the mighty Nile River.  Because the Nile is unusual in flowing south-to-north, its source could only be in central Africa in the vicinity of the Congo.

But Livingstone was gone for years without any communication.  A news reporter from America, Henry Stanley, decided to travel to Africa to look for him.  Upon finding a stranger who stuck out like a sore thumb in the middle of central Africa, Stanley uttered the famous line, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”  Indeed, Stanley had found Livingstone alive and well, and Stanley later returned to Africa to sign treaties with chiefs near the Congo River.  Belgium King Leopold II used these treaties to gain control for himself (not Belgium) over the region.

But Livingstone was gone for years without any communication.  A news reporter from America, Henry Stanley, decided to travel to Africa to look for him.  Upon finding a stranger who stuck out like a sore thumb in the middle of central Africa, Stanley uttered the famous line, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”  Indeed, Stanley had found Livingstone alive and well, and Stanley later returned to Africa to sign treaties with chiefs near the Congo River.  Belgium King Leopold II used these treaties to gain control for himself (not Belgium) over the region.