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This article covers the '''History of the Netherlands''' until the 1990s. for recent years see [[Netherlands]]
This article covers the '''History of the Netherlands''' until about 2000. For recent years see [[Netherlands]]
== Early history==
== Early history==
=== Earliest History and Myths ===
=== Earliest History and Myths ===
The Low Countries were inhabited by numerous Germanic tribes who had an agricultural society. By the third century, these tribes organized into larger federations and three main groups emerged: the [[Franks]] in the South, the [[Saxons]] in the East, and the [[Frisians]] in the North and West. Little is known of the pre-Christian pagan beliefs of the Germanic tribes, though it seems that [[Wodan]] and [[Donar]] were worshiped by the Germanic tribes in the Low Countries.
The Low Countries were inhabited by numerous Germanic tribes who had an agricultural society. By the third century, these tribes organized into larger federations and three main groups emerged: the [[Franks]] in the South, the [[Saxons]] in the East, and the [[Frisians]] in the North and West. Little is known of the pre-Christian pagan beliefs of the Germanic tribes, though it seems that [[Wodan]] and [[Donar]] were worshiped by the Germanic tribes in the Low Countries.
In earlier research of the origins of Dutch society, a number of myths shaped the scholarly discourse as well as the national consciousness. Led by the great scholar [[Hugo Grotius]] (1583-1645) historians in the 17th and 18th centuries believed in the "Batavian myth" which posited the existence of an independent and free Batavian state and society in the Roman period. They interpreted the revolt of the Batavi in AD 70 as the earliest Dutch war of freedom against tyranny; the founders of the new Dutch "Batavian Republic" in 1795 saw themselves as recreating this heroic action. By 1890, scholars realized the myth was false, but Civilis, leader of the Batavians, remained in the national consciousness.<ref> E. O. G. Haitsma Mulier, "De Bataafse Mythe Opnieuw Bekeken" [The Batavian Myth Viewed Anew]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' 1996 111(3): 344-367.</ref>
In earlier research of the origins of Dutch society, a number of myths shaped the scholarly discourse as well as the national consciousness. Led by the great scholar [[Hugo Grotius]] (1583-1645) historians in the 17th and 18th centuries believed in the "Batavian myth" which posited the existence of an independent and free Batavian state and society in the Roman period. They interpreted the revolt of the Batavi in AD 70 as the earliest Dutch war of freedom against tyranny; the founders of the new Dutch "Batavian Republic" in 1795 saw themselves as recreating this heroic action. By 1890, scholars realized the myth was false, but Civilis, leader of the Batavians, remained in the national consciousness.<ref> E. O. G. Haitsma Mulier, "De Bataafse Mythe Opnieuw Bekeken" [The Batavian Myth Viewed Anew]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' (1996) 111(3): 344-367.</ref>
In the 19th century, scholars influenced by Romanticism propounded the idea that the Franks, Frisians, and Saxons were not only the oldest ancestors of the Dutch people, but also that the modern descendants reflected the original values and strengths. The idea caught on and was taught in the schools, for this theory explained why the Belgians (Franks) were Catholic and the Frisians and Saxons were Protestant. The success of this theory of origins was partly due to theories in anthropology, which were were based on a tribal paradigm. Being politically and geographically inclusive and leaving at the same time space for diversity, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the period 1890-1914. However, the disadvantages of this historical interpretation soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three separate parts based on religion. Especially during the Second World War, the origins myth proved to be no defense against the dangers of regional separatism and annexation to Germany. After 1945, the tribal paradigm lost its grip on anthropology; the "three-tribes-theme" was also fundamentally questioned and slowly faded away.<ref>Marnix Beyen, "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(4): 493-532. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]</ref>
In the 19th century, scholars influenced by Romanticism propounded the idea that the Franks, Frisians, and Saxons were not only the oldest ancestors of the Dutch people, but also that the modern descendants reflected the original values and strengths. The idea caught on and was taught in the schools, for this theory explained why the Belgians (Franks) were Catholic and the Frisians and Saxons were Protestant. The success of this theory of origins was partly due to theories in anthropology, which were were based on a tribal paradigm. Being politically and geographically inclusive and leaving at the same time space for diversity, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the period 1890-1914. However, the disadvantages of this historical interpretation soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three separate parts based on religion. Especially during the Second World War, the origins myth proved to be no defense against the dangers of regional separatism and annexation to Germany. After 1945, the tribal paradigm lost its grip on anthropology; the "three-tribes-theme" was also fundamentally questioned and slowly faded away.<ref>Marnix Beyen, "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(4): 493-532. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]</ref>
From 1800 to 1950 Durch engineers created an infrastructure for the Dutch East Indies, including 67,000 kilometers of roads, 7,500 kilometers of railways, many large bridges, modern irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares of rice fields, several international harbors, and 140 public drinking water systems. With these public works, Dutch engineers constructed the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state.<ref> Wim Ravesteijn, "Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 1800-1950," ''Comparative Technology Transfer and Society'' 5#1 April 2007, pp. 32-64, in [[Project Muse]] </ref>
From 1800 to 1950 Durch engineers created an infrastructure for the Dutch East Indies, including 67,000 kilometers of roads, 7,500 kilometers of railways, many large bridges, modern irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares of rice fields, several international harbors, and 140 public drinking water systems. With these public works, Dutch engineers constructed the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state.<ref> Wim Ravesteijn, "Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 1800-1950," ''Comparative Technology Transfer and Society'' 5#1 April 2007, pp. 32-64, in [[Project Muse]] </ref>
==20th Century==
===1930s and World War II===
====Great Depression====
During the 1930s the Netherlands, like other developed Western economies, suffered much from unemployment and the Depression. The economy was based on trade and agriculture. there was some manufacturing, led by Unilever (soap), Shell (oil refining) and Philips (light bulbs). World trade levels declines sharply, leaving the large Dutch merchant fleet with less business; one third of the ships were laid up. Unemployment reached 17% in 1936, then began a slow decline. GDP fell below the level of the prosperous 1920s. The politically system continued to function normally, with Catholic and Calvinist religious parties in control. There was little mass unrest or Communist activity and the Socialist party remained weak.
====Dutch East Indies====
In the overseas empire, especially the Dutch East Indies (later renamed [[Indonesia]]) the fall in commodity prices caused a sharp economic decline, as exports fell by two-thirds. Since a fourth of all Dutch wealth was invested there, investors were badly hurt. The colonial government pursued a policy of "indianization," which meant training more and more locals Indonesians for civil service jobs. There was no self government; a local council was only advisory to the governor. Demands for self-government were rising rapidly among the 67 million inhabitants, most of them Moslems.
====Dutch fascism====
A small fringe element of Dutch fascists existed from 1929 to 1940. They were inspired by Mussolini's Italy and was based on traditional corporate ideology. The movement was small, elitist, and consisted of competing bourgeois political associations. It was opposed by the Catholic Church. Nazi-style National Socialism, also existed as an even smaller fringe group; it failed to gain mass support because its ideology was alien to native Dutch political culture. It too was opposed by the Catholic Church. <ref>Erik Hansen, "Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands 1929-39." ''European Studies Review'' 1981 11(3): 355-385. Issn: 0014-3111 </ref>
====World War II====
Although the Netherlands proclaimed its neutrality, the Germans under [[Adolf Hitler]] invaded on May 10, 1940 and after the open city of [[Rotterdam]] was bombed on May 14 by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' the Dutch army capitulated on May 15. Queen Wilhelmina and her government fled into exile in London, which became their base to fight the Germans, using the small navy and large merchant fleet as its assets, along with its colonies.
A brutal five year German occupation of the country began; the Dutch were forced to pay all the costs. The attempt of Nazi military governor, Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart, to win the "Aryan" Dutch for Nazism by promoting industrial recovery met with resistance in the form of strikes and underground activity. 250,000 Dutch civilians were forced laborers at factories in Germany, which were targets of Allied air raids. The heightening demands of the German war machine led to increasingly ruthless exploitation, as more than 40% of Dutch income flowed to Germany by 1942, severely undermining Dutch industry, while large numbers of young Dutch workers went into hiding and the resistance.<ref> Hein A. M. Klemann, "Dutch Industrial Companies and the German Occupation, 1940-1945." ''Vierteljahrschrift Für Sozial- Und Wirtschaftsgeschichte'' 2006 93(1): 1-22. Issn: 0340-8728 </ref>
====Japanese====
The Japanese invaded Indonesia in January, 1942, looking for oil. The Shell oil company blew up all the wells and the Japanese, after long repairs, in the end obtained much less than it needed. Japan's victory was swift after it sank the Dutch navy and invaded; nearly 150,000 Dutch citizens found themselves prisoners of the Japanese in horrible conditions.
====Jews====
The Nazis as part of the [[Holocaust]] hunted down, deported and killed three-fourths of the 140,000 Jews in the country.<ref>Pamela Griffioen Ron and Zeller, "Anti-Jewish Policy and Organization of the Deportations in France and the Netherlands, 1940-1944: a Comparative Study." ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies'' 2006 20(3): 437-473. Issn: 8756-6583 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]</ref> The most famous victim was [[Anne Frank]] (1929-45), whose family hiding place in Amsterdam was exposed by an informer in 1944 and she died in [[Bergen-Belsen]] weeks before the war ended.
====Starvation====
In September 1944, American, British and Canadian forces liberated the southern provinces. The north remained in German hands until May 1945, but the Dutch refused to aid the German war economy and the Nazis cut off food supplies, leading to severe malnutrition and deaths from cold and disease.
===Postwar Era===
After the war the major pillarized sectors began to cooperate in the "polder" style that minimized conflict, as the top officials of each sector met secretly to work out compromises that were then ratified.<ref> Mark Kranenburg, "The political branch of the polder model," [http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Netherlands/politics.html ''The Netherlands'' July 1, 1999</ref> In other countries strong polarization had a geographic dimension, leading to separatist movements in Belgium and Canada, but there was little geographical concentration in the Netherlands.
===Recent history since 1970===
After 1970 the pillarized model began to break down in politics, as religion became less central in the lives of most people, the parties reorganized across the old religious and cultural lines, and labor unions merged.<ref> Paul Dekker and Peter Ester, "Depillarization, Deconfessionalization, and De-ideologization: Empirical Trends in Dutch Society 1958-1992." ''Review of Religious Research'' 1996 37(4): 325-341. Issn: 0034-673x uses survey data, showing that religious factors declined first, followed by secular factors. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3512012 in Jstor]]</ref> The fast growing Muslim immigrant community is building its own separate pillar along religious lines such as was common a century ago, and is still allowed by Dutch laws. There are now Islamic and Hindu schools.
The leadership in the Netherlands realizes the need for immigration in the era of globalization, falling birth rates and labor shortages. At issue is whether the immigrants will be Europeans, which is tolerated, or be Muslims from Turkey and Morocco, which is controversial. Rotterdam is nearly half Muslim and in every city second- and third-generation Muslims are Dutch and speak Dutch as their first language, but have not been well integrated into mainstream Dutch society. They remain between two cultures and some listen to radical Islamist preachers. However, two-thirds of the immigrants are Dutch citizens and they are well represented in national and local government. The rapidly growingf Dutch economy absorbed the new workers, driving down the unemployment rate for immigrants from 35% to 10% in 2001.
At first there was a gentlemen's agreement among political leaders that immigration and ethnicity were not to become political issues. That ended and Dutch politics took a right-wing-populist turn following the emergence of Pim Fortuyn, the charismatic leader of a new party, and his assassination in 2002, followed by the ritual murder of anti-immigrant spokesman Theo van Gogh in 2004.<ref> Mark Leon Goldberg, "The Death of van Gogh," [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=8915 ''The American Prospect'' Dec. 3, 2004]; Rinus Penninx, "After the Fortuyn and Van Gogh Murders: Is the Dutch Integration Model in Disarray?" [http://www.cicerofoundation.org/pdf/lecture_penninx.pdf online paper 9 June 2005]</ref> Hostility to Islam has created an increasingly restrictive national immigration and integration policy. A policy of Europeanization rejects "multiculturalism" (which like pillarization would allow Muslins complete control over their schools) and instead calls for civic integration for new immigrants, who are expected to learn Dutch, accompanied by antidiscrimination laws to benefit settled immigrants and their children. The 1998 Newcomer Integration Law (Wet Inburgering Nieuwkomers, "WIN") obliges most non-EU immigrants to participate in a twelve-month integration course, consisting of six hundred hours of Dutch language instruction, civic education, and preparation for the labor market. An immigrant must pass an integration test to get or renew a residence permit.<ref>Joppke, "Transformation of Immigrant Integration," ''World Politics'' 59.2 (2007) 43-273 </ref>
==Historiography==
The pioneering cultural historian Johan Huizinga (1872-1945), author of ''The Autumn of the Middle Ages'' (1919) (an earlier translation in English was called ''The Waning of the Middle Ages'') and ''Homo Ludens" A Study of the Play Element in Culture'' (1935), which expanded the field of cultural history and foreshadowed the historical anthropology of younger historians of the [[Annales School]]. He was influenced by art history and advised historians to trace "patterns of culture" by studying "themes, figures, motifs, symbols, styles and sentiments."<ref> Peter Burke, "Historians and Their Times: Huizinga, Prophet of 'Blood and Roses.'" ''History Today'' 1986 36(Nov): 23-28. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]; William U. Bouwsma, "The ''Waning of the Middle Ages'' by Johan Huizinga." ''Daedalus'' 1974 103(1): 35-43. Issn: 0011-5266; R. L. Colie, "Johan Huizinga and the Task of Cultural History." ''American Historical Review'' 1964 69(3): 607-630 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1845780 in JSTOR]; Robert Anchor, "History and Play: Johan Huizinga and His Critics," ''History and Theory, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb., 1978), pp. 63-93 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2504901 in JSTOR] </ref>
The "polder model" continues to dominate both Dutch politics and historiography. The polder model strongly emphasizes the need for consensus and discourages debate and dissent in both academia and politics - in contrast to the highly developed, intense debates in Germany.<ref> Chris Lorenz, "Het 'Academisch Poldermodel' En De Westforschung in Nederland," [The Dutch Academic Polder Model and Westforschung in the Netherlands]. ''Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis'' 2005 118(2): 252-270. Issn: 0040-7518 </ref>
The H-Net list '''H-Low-Countries''' is published free by email and is edited by scholars. Its occasional messages serve an international community with diverse methodological approaches, archival experiences, teaching styles, and intellectual traditions, promotes discussion relevant to the Low Countries as a whole and to the different national histories in particular, with an emphasis on the Netherlands. H-Low-Countries offers conference announcements, questions and discussions; reviews of books, journals, and articles; and tables of contents of journals on the history of the Low Countries (in both Dutch and English).<ref> See [http://www.h-net.org/~lowc/ home page, with discussion logs]</ref>
Once heralded as the leading event of modern Dutch history, the Dutch revolt lasted 1568-1648, and historians have worked to interpret it for even longer. Cruz (2007) explains the major points of contention and schools of thought surrounding interpretations of the deeper meaning of the Dutch bid for independence from Spanish rule. While the intellectual milieus of late-19th- and 20th-century certainly left their mark on historical interpretations of this event, Cruz argues that writings about the revolt distinctively trace changing perceptions of the role played by small countries in the history of Western civilization. As is true in most contemporary historical scholarship, there are no more grand narratives for encompassing the Dutch revolt in its entirety, but Cruz points to future directions for understanding the revolt in its wider contexts, whether European or global. Dutch and Belgian historiography since 1945 has moved away from seeing the revolt as the culmination of a long and inevitable process leading to independence. Instead historians examine the varied political and economic characters of the towns and provinces and on the weaknesses of attempts at centralization by the Habsburg rulers. The most important innovations have been in demographic and economic history, though the relationship between economics and political events remains controversial. The religious aspects of the revolt have been studied in terms of mentalities, exposing the minority position of Calvinism, while the international aspects have been studied more seriously by foreign historians than by the Dutch themselves.<ref> Laura Cruz, "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective." ''History Compass'' 2007 5(3): 914-934. </ref>
[[Pieter Geyl]] ((1887-1966)) was the leading historian of the Dutch Revolt, and a highly influential professor at the University of London (1919-1935) and at the State University of Utrecht (1935-57). He wrote a six-volume history of the Dutch-speaking peoples.<ref> Three volumes appeared in English translation, ''TheRevolit of the Netherlands (1555-1609)'' (1932); and ''The Netherlands in the Seventeeth Century'' (2 vol 1936, 1964).</ref>The Nazis imprisoned him in World War II. In his political views, Geyl adopted the views of the 17th-century Dutch Louvestein faction, led by Johan van Oldenbarneveldt (1547-1619) and Johan de Witt (1625-72). It stood for liberty, toleration, and national interests in contrast to the Orange stadholders who sought to promote their own self-interest. According to Geyl, the Dutch Republic reached the peak of its powers during the 17th century. He was also a staunch nationalist and suggested that Flanders could split off from Belgium and join the Netherlands. Later he decried what he called radical nationalism and stressed more the vitality of Western Civilization. Geyl was highly critical of the [[world history]] approach of [[Arnold J. Toynbee]].<ref> Herbert H. Rowen, "The Historical Work of Pieter Geyl." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1965 37(1): 35-49. Issn: 0022-2801 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1874563
in Jstor] </ref>
Jan Romein (1893-1962) created a "theoretical history" in an attempt to reestablish the relevance of history to public life in the 1930s at a time of immense political uncertainty and cultural crisis, when, in Romein's view, history had become too inward-looking and isolated from other disciplines. Romein, a Marxist, felt that history must contribute to social improvement. At the same time, influenced by the successes of theoretical physics and his study of [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], F. J. Teggart, and others, he spurred on the development of theoretical history in the Netherlands, to the point where it became a subject in its own right at the university level after the war. Romein used the term integral history as a substitute for cultural history and focused his attention on the period around the turn of the century. He concluded that a serious crisis occurred in European civilization in 1900 because of the rise of anti-Semitism, extreme nationalism, discontent with the parliamentary system, depersonalization of the state, and the rejection of positivism. European civilization waned as the result of this crisis which was accompanied by the rise of the United States, the Americanization of the world, and the emergence of Asia. His interpretation is reminiscent of that of his mentor Johan Huizinga and was criticized by his colleague Pieter Geyl.<ref> A. C. Otto, "Theorie En Praktijk in De Theoretische Geschiedenis Van Jan Romein" [Theory and Practice in the "Theoretical History" of Jan Romein]. ''Theoretische Geschiedenis'' 1994 21(3): 257-270. Issn: 0167-8310; P. Blaas, "An Attempt at Integral History." ''Acta Historiae Neerlandica'' 1971 (5): 271-315. Issn: 0065-129x </ref>
==Bibliography==
===Current conditions===
* Delsen, Lei. ''Exit Polder Model? Socioeconomic Changes in the Netherlands'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/113099417?title=Exit%20Polder%20Model%3f%20%20Socioeconomic%20Changes%20in%20the%20Netherlands online edition]
* Mathijs, Ernest, ed. ''The Cinema of the Low Countries.'' (2004). 268 pp.
* Vuijsje, Herman. ''The Politically Correct Netherlands: Since the 1960s.'' (2000). 244 pp.
* White, Colin, et al. ''The Undutchables: An Observation of the Netherlands, Its Culture And Its Inhabitants'' (2005)
===History surveys===
* Arblaster, Paul. ''A History of the Low Countries.'' (2006). 298 pp.
* Blok, Petrus Johannes. ''History of the People of the Netherlands'' (5 vol 1898-1912) famous classic; [http://books.google.com/books?id=s8kOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 1 to 1500, online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=0coOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 2 to 1559. online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=NH8SAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 part 3: The War with Spain 1559-1621, online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=PckOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0sw5yfkxR-fObZWwVX#PPP12,M1 part 4 on Golden Age online from Google]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=gf8bAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=intitle:Netherlands+inauthor:blok&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&source=gbs_toc_s&cad=1 online edition from Google, vol 5 on 18th and 19th century]
* Blom, J. C. H. and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (2006) 504pp [http://www.amazon.com/History-Low-Countries-J-Blom/dp/1845452720/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/1379132?title=History%20of%20the%20Low%20Countries complete edition online]
* Hooker, Mark T. ''The History of Holland'' (1999) 264pp [http://www.amazon.com/History-Holland-Greenwood-Histories-Nations/dp/0313306583/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-17 excerpt and text search]
* Israel, Jonathan. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806'' (1995) a major synthesis; [http://www.questia.com/read/91981119?title=The%20Dutch%20Republic%3a%20Its%20Rise%2c%20Greatness%2c%20and%20Fall%2c%201477-1806 complete online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Republic-Greatness-1477-1806-History/dp/0198207344/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Kossmann, E. H. ''The Low Countries 1780-1940'' (1978)
* van Oostrom, Frits, and Hubert Slings. ''A Key to Dutch History'' (2007)
* Pirenne, Henri. ''Belgian Democracy, Its Early History'' (1910, 1915) 250 pp. history of towns in the Low Countries [http://www.questia.com/read/1276323?title=Belgian%20Democracy%2c%20Its%20Early%20History online free]
* Rietbergen, P.J.A.N. ''A Short History of the Netherlands. From Prehistory to the Present Day''. 5th ed. Amersfoort: Bekking, 2002. ISBN 9061094402
* Vlekke, Bernard H. M. ''Evolution of the Dutch Nation'' (1945) 382 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/82243176?title=Evolution%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Nation online edition]
===Dutch revolt===
* Cruz, Laura. "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective." ''History Compass'' 2007 5(3): 914-934. Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: [http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/history/article_view?highlight_query=cruz&type=std&slop=0&fuzzy=0.5&last_results=query%3Dcruz%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL&parent=void&sortby=relevance&offset=0&article_id=hico_articles_bpl400 History Compass]
* Darby, Graham. ''The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt'' (2001), 208pp [http://www.questia.com/read/108015314?title=The%20Origins%20and%20Development%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Revolt online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Origins-Development-Dutch-Revolt/dp/0415253799/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209804905&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Geyl, Pieter. ''History of the Dutch Speaking Peoples 1555-1648'' (new edition 2001)
* Geyl, Pieter. ''The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1555-1609'' (1958), still considered the definitive account of the Revolt [http://www.questia.com/read/98720656?title=The%20Revolt%20of%20the%20Netherlands%20(1555-1609) online edition]
* Israel, Jonathan. ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806'' (1995) a major synthesis; [http://www.questia.com/read/91981119?title=The%20Dutch%20Republic%3a%20Its%20Rise%2c%20Greatness%2c%20and%20Fall%2c%201477-1806 complete online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Republic-Greatness-1477-1806-History/dp/0198207344/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Koenigsberger, H. G. ''Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.'' (2002). 381 pp.
[http://www.amazon.com/Countries-1780-1940-Oxford-History-Modern/dp/0198221088/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210207084&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Nierop, H. F. K. ''The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500-1650'' (2nd ed. 1993) [http://www.amazon.com/Nobility-Holland-Knights-1500-1650-Cambridge/dp/0521392608/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]
* Motley, John Lothrop. ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555-84'' (2 vol. 1856) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4836/4836.txt Gutenberg editions online] and ''History of the United Netherlands, 1584-1609'' (4 vol., 1860–67) [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4885/4885.txt Gutenberg editions online]
**Robert Wheaton, "Motley and the Dutch Historians." ''New England Quarterly'' 1962 35(3): 318-336. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/363823 in Jstor] </ref> The
* Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Dutch Revolt'' (1977), 327pp
* Tracy, James. ''The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572-1588'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Founding-Dutch-Republic-Politics-1572-1588/dp/0199209111/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209964440&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* ''Cambridge Modern History'' (1904-1908)
**Rev. George Edmundson, "The Revolt of the Netherlands". [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh306.html Vol 3 ch 62]
**Rev. George Edmundson, "William the Silent" [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh307.html vol 3 ch 7];
**Rev. George Edmundson, "The Dutch Republic," [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh319.html vol 3 ch 19];
** Hugh E. Egeuton, "The Transference of Colonial Power. To the United Provinces and England." [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh425.html (1906) vol 4 ch 25];
**Rev. George Edmundson, "The Administrations of John De Witt and William of Orange. (1651-88)," [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh507.html (1908) vol 5 ch 7];
** J. H. Tannee, "The Anglo-Dutch Wars" [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh508.html vol 5 ch 8]
===Specialty studies===
* Abbenhuis, Maartje M. ''The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918.'' (2006). 423 pp.
* Blom, Hans. "The Persecution of Jews in the Netherlands: A Comparative Western European Perspective," ''European History Quarterly,'' 19 (1989), 333–351, re Holocaust in World War II
* Green-Pedersen, Christoffer. ''The Politics of Justification: Party Competition and Welfare-State Retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands from 1982 to 1998'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/109682081?title=The%20Politics%20of%20Justification%3a%20%20Party%20Competition%20and%20Welfare-State%20Retrenchment%20in%20Denmark%20and%20the%20Netherlands%20from%201982%20to%201998 online edition]
* Gunn, Steven, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools. ''War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477-1559'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/State-Society-England-Netherlands-1477-1559/dp/019920750X/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209964264&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]
* Hirschfeld, Gerhard. ''Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–1945'' (1988)
* Jacob, Margaret C., and Wijnand W. Mijnhardt, eds. ''The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century Decline, Enlightenment and Revolution,''(1992)
* Joppke, Christian. "Transformation of Immigrant Integration: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination in the Netherlands, France, and Germany, ''World Politics'' 59.2 (2007) 243-273 in [[Project Muse]]
* Koopmans, Ruud, et al. ''Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0816646635/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S006#reader-link excerpt and text search]
* Lijphart, Arend. ''The Politics of Accomodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands'' (2nd ed. 1975), on pillarization
* Moore, Bob. ''Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940-1945.'' (1997). 340 pp.
* Prak, Maarten Roy. ''The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century.'' (2005). 317 pp.
* Price, J. L. ''Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Politics of Particularism'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/9660485?title=Holland%20and%20the%20Dutch%20Republic%20in%20the%20Seventeenth%20Century%3a%20The%20Politics%20of%20Particularism online edition]
* Vandenbosch, Amry. ''Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815: A Study in Small Power Politics'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/dutch-foreign-policy-since-1815-a-study-in-small-power-politics-by-amry-vandenbosch.jsp online edition]
===Cultural and social studies===
* Avci, Gamze. "Comparing Integration Policies and Outcomes: Turks in the Netherlands and Germany." ''Turkish Studies'' 2006 7(1): 67-84. Issn: 1468-3849 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Berkel, Klaas van; VanHelden, Albert; and Palm, Lodewijk, eds. ''A History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference.'' (1999). 659 pp.
* Blom, J. C. H.; Fu ks-Manfield, R. G.; and Schoffer, I., eds. ''The History of the Jews in the Netherlands.'' (2002). 508 pp.
* Corwin, E.T. "Holland," [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.h.ix.html ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' (1914) 5:319-22], details on Protestant churches
* Dekker, Rudolf. ''Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism.'' (2001). 174 pp.
* Goudriaan, Koen et al, eds. ''Education and Learning in the Netherlands, 1400-1600: Essays in Honour of Hilde de Ridder-Symoens'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/109302376?title=Education%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201400-1600%3a%20%20Essays%20in%20Honour%20of%20Hilde%20de%20Ridder-Symoens online edition]
* Grijzenhout, Frans and Veen, Henk van, eds. ''The Golden Age of Dutch Painting in Historical Perspective.'' (1999). 333 pp.
* Hsia, R. Po-Chia, and Henk Van Nierop, eds. ''Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/105474116?title=Calvinism%20and%20Religious%20Toleration%20in%20the%20Dutch%20Golden%20Age online edition]
* Israel, Jonathan, and Reinier Salverda. ''Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000)'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/109301994?title=Dutch%20Jewry%3a%20%20Its%20History%20and%20Secular%20Culture%20(1500-2000) online eedition]
* Kiers, Judikje and Tissink, Fieke. ''The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Art.'' (2000). 366 pp.
* Lucassen, Leo. "Bringing Structure Back In: Economic and Political Determinants of Immigration in Dutch Cities, 1920-1940," ''Social Science History'' 26#3, Fall 2002, pp. 503-529 in [[Project Muse]]
* Mak, Geert. ''Amsterdam: Brief Life of the City.'' (2000). 352 pp.
* Mathijs, Ernest, ed. ''The Cinema of the Low Countries.'' (2004). 268 pp.
* Muizelaar, Klaske and Phillips, Derek. ''Picturing Men and Women in the Dutch Golden Age: Paintings and People in Historical Perspective.'' (2003). 246 pp.
* Muller, Sheila D. ''Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia.'' (1997). 489 pp.
* O'Brien, Patrick Karl; Keene, Derek J.; Wee, Herman Van der; and Hart, Marjolein t', eds. ''Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London.'' (2001). 361 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Urban-Achievement-Early-Modern-Europe/dp/0521594081/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search]
* Oostindie, Gert, and Bert Paasman. "Dutch Attitudes Towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves," ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 31#3, Spring 1998, pp. 349-355 in [[Project Muse]]
* Poppel, F. W. A. van, and Hugo Roling. "Physicians and Fertility Control in the Netherlands," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 34#2 Autumn 2003, pp. 155-185 in [[Project Muse]]
* Price, J. L. ''Dutch Society, 1588-1713.'' (2000). 306 pp.
* Schama, Simon. ''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0394510755. Very well written survey [http://www.amazon.com/Embarrassment-Riches-Interpretation-Culture-Golden/dp/0679781242/ref=pd_bbs_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Schenkeveld, Maria A. ''Dutch Literature in the Age of Rembrandt: Themes and Ideas'' (1991).
* Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. ''The Northern Renaissance.'' (2004). 447 pp.
* Westermann, Mariet. ''A Worldly Art: The Dutch Republic, 1585-1718'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Worldly-Art-Dutch-Republic-1585-1718/dp/0300107234/ref=pd_bbs_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Wintle, Michael. ''An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands, 1800-1920: Demographic, Economic and Social Transition.'' (2000). 399 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/105016141?title=An%20Economic%20and%20Social%20History%20of%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201800-1920%3a%20%20Demographic%2c%20Economic%2c%20and%20Social%20Transition online edition]
===Dutch Empire and economic history===
* Andrade, Tonio. "The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624-1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion." ''Journal of World History'' 2006 17(4): 429-450. Issn: 1045-6007 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]
* Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. ''Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka'' (1996), 332pp
* Aymard, Maurice, ed. ''Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism'' (1982).
* Beekman, E. M. ''Troubled Pleasures: Dutch Colonial Literature from the East Indies, 1600-1950.'' (1996). 654 pp.
* Bogucka M. "Amsterdam and the Baltic in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century", ''Economic History Review,'' 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 433-47. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2593544 in JSTOR]
* Boxer C. R. ''The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1660-1800'' (1965).
* Dash, Mike. ''Tulipomania. The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower and the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused.'' London: Victor Gollancz, 1999. ISBN 0575067233. Very entertaining and informative book about [[tulip|tulips]] and the Dutch in the 17th century
* Emmer, Pieter. ''The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580-1880: Trade, Slavery and Emancipation.'' (1998). 283 pp.
* Foray, Jennifer L. "The Kingdom Shall Rise Again: Dutch Resistance, Collaboration, and Imperial Planning in the German-Occupied Netherlands." PhD dissertation Columbia U. 2007. 550 pp. DAI 2007 68(1): 309-A. DA3249079 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Gouda, Frances. ''Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/37803874?title=Dutch%20Culture%20Overseas%3a%20Colonial%20Practice%20in%20the%20Netherlands%20Indies%2c%201900-1942 online edition]
* Israel, Jonathan I. ''Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740'' (1989) 462 pgs. [http://www.questia.com/read/74378775?title=Dutch%20Primacy%20in%20World%20Trade%2c%201585-1740 online edition]
* Jones, Geoffrey. ''Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition.'' (2006). 447 pp.
* Klerck, E. S. De ''History of the Netherlands Indies,'' (2 vols. Rotterdam, 1938)
* Lesger, Cle. ''The Rise of the Amsterdam Market And Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion And Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries,'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Rise-Amsterdam-Market-Information-Exchange/dp/0754652203/ref=sid_av_dp excerpt and text search]
* Moore, Bob and Nierop, Henk van, eds. ''Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750-1850.'' (2003). 204 pp.
* Ormrod, David. ''The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770.'' (2003). 400 pp.
* Palmer, Leslie H. ''Indonesia and the Dutch'' (1962) [http://www.questia.com/read/1164770?title=Indonesia%20and%20the%20Dutch online edition]
* Postma, Johannes ''The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815'' (1990), says Dutch dominated the Atlantic slave trade 1636-89
* Rowen, Herbert H. ''The Princes of Orange: The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic'' (1990) [http://www.amazon.com/Princes-Orange-Stadholders-Republic-Cambridge/dp/0521396530/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805634&sr=1-12 excerpt and text search]
* Sluyterman, Keetie E. ''Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century: Business Strategies in a Small Open Economy'' (2005) [http://www.questia.com/read/109143553?title=Dutch%20Enterprise%20in%20the%20Twentieth%20Century%3a%20%20Business%20Strategies%20in%20a%20Small%20Open%20Economy online edition]
* Unger, Richard W. "Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century," ''The Journal of Economic History,'' Vol. 40, No. 2 (Jun., 1980), pp. 253-280 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2120179 in JSTOR]
* Unger, Richard W. ''A History of Brewing in Holland, 900-1900: Economy, Technology and the State.'' (2001) 428 pp.
* Van Hoesel, Roger, and Rajneesh Narula. ''Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/103819399?title=Multinational%20Enterprises%20from%20the%20Netherlands online edition]
* Veenendaal, Augustus. ''Railways in the Netherlands: A Brief History.'' (2001) 235 pp.
* Vink, Markus. "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century," ''Journal of World History'' 24.2 (2003) 131-177 in [[Project Muse]]
* Vries, Jan de, and Ad van der Woude. ''The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815.'' (1997). 767 pp.
**Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," ''The Journal of Economic History,'' Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 223-229 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2124027 in JSTOR]
* Wintle, Michael. ''An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands, 1800-1920: Demographic, Economic and Social Transition.'' (2000). 399 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/105016141?title=An%20Economic%20and%20Social%20History%20of%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201800-1920%3a%20%20Demographic%2c%20Economic%2c%20and%20Social%20Transition online edition]
* Zanden, Jan Luiten and Riel, Arthur van. ''The Strictures of Inheritance: The Dutch Economy in the Nineteenth Century.'' (2004). 384 pp.
===Historiography===
* Blom, J. C. H. "Ludovico Locuto, Porta Aperta: Enige Notities over Deel XII En XIII Van L. De Jongs Koninkrijk Der Nederlanden in De Tweede Wereldoorlog." [After Louis Spoke, Everything Was Clear: Some Notes on Volumes 12 and 13 of Louis De Jong's Kingdom of the Netherlands in World War Ii]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' 1990 105(2): 244-264. Issn: 0165-0505 review of a great masterpiece.
* Buyst, Erik; Smits, Jan Pieter; and Zanden, Jan Luiten Van. "National Accounts for the Low Countries, 1800-1990." ''Scandinavian Economic History Review'' 1995 43(1): 53-76. Issn: 0358-5522 focus on data for 1921-39 and rates of industrialization during the first half of the 19th century
* Cruz, Laura. "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective." ''History Compass'' 2007 5(3): 914-934. Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: [http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/history/article_view?highlight_query=cruz&type=std&slop=0&fuzzy=0.5&last_results=query%3Dcruz%26topics%3D%26content_types%3DALL&parent=void&sortby=relevance&offset=0&article_id=hico_articles_bpl400 History Compass]
* Duke, A. C. and Tamse, C. A., eds. ''Clio's Mirror: Historiography in Britain and the Netherlands.'' Zutphen, Netherlands: De Walburg, 1985. 238 pp.
* Gijswijt-hofstra, Marijke. "The European Witchcraft Debate and the Dutch Variant." ''Social History'' 1990 15(2): 181-194. Issn: 0307-1022
* Linden, Marcel van der, and Jan Lucassen. "Social History in the Netherlands." ''Tijdschrift Voor Sociale Geschiedenis'' 1997 23(2): 209-222. Issn: 0303-9935. Argues [[Social history]] has been thriving since the 1970s, with representation from all stylistic and methodological approaches, albeit with weak theory. No major shifts from the qualitative to the quantitative or from statistical series to microhistory have taken place. Pluralism and eclecticism seem to be the rule
* Schmidt, Ariadne. "Vrouwenarbeid in De Vroegmoderne Tijd in Nederland," [Women's Work in the Early Modern Netherlands]. ''Tijdschrift Voor Sociale En Economische Geschiedenis'' 2005 2(3): 2-21. Issn: 1572-1701
* Snelders, H. A. M. "History of Science Today, 2. History of Science in the Netherlands," ''The British Journal for the History of Science,'' Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jul., 1987), pp. 343-348 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4026361 in JSTOR]
* Voerman, Gerrit. "De Stand Van De Geschiedschrijving Van De Nederlandse Politieke Partijen" [The State of Historiography on Dutch Political Parties]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' 2005 120(2): 226-269. Issn: 0165-0505
* Vries, Jan de. "Measuring the Impact of Climate on History: The Search for Appropriate Methodologies," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History,'' Vol. 10, No. 4, (Spring, 1980), pp. 599-630; uses meteorological data to generate correlations between climate and dairy production, arable crop yields, canal transportation, and fuel prices, 17th-18th centuries. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/203061 in JSTOR]