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The delegates followed two guiding principles: legitimate ruling families had to be restored to their thrones (and illegitimate ones put in by Napoleon removed); secondly, when old boundaries could not be restored compensation would be paid in terms of new territories. The goal was to restore traditions and achieve a stable balance of power.
The delegates followed two guiding principles: legitimate ruling families had to be restored to their thrones (and illegitimate ones put in by Napoleon removed); secondly, when old boundaries could not be restored compensation would be paid in terms of new territories. The goal was to restore traditions and achieve a stable balance of power.
==Long-term results==
The resulting "Vienna system", or '''"Concert of Europe"'' successfully brought peace to Europe by means of firm, premeditated identification and elimination (or containment) of causes of war. The old instability gave way to political equilibrium and consensus, dynastic politics exited the international scene and wars of succession were eliminated, bellicose values bowed to the rule of peace and law, and effective, institutionalized machinery for international relations overcame the lack of viable solutions for interstate problems.<ref> See Schroeder (1996)</ref>
The backward-looking delegates seriously underestimated the emerging force of nationalism, which was rapidly transforming many countries. People saw their nation and its culture and language as more meaningful to their nation than ruling families. However, Metternich, the Austrian chancellor, considered nationalism a cover for revolution and sought to curb its development through reactionary repression.
The backward-looking delegates seriously underestimated the emerging force of nationalism, which was rapidly transforming many countries. People saw their nation and its culture and language as more meaningful to their nation than ruling families. However, Metternich, the Austrian chancellor, considered nationalism a cover for revolution and sought to curb its development through reactionary repression.
By 1848, however, nationalism was a powerful force. The Vienna system did keep the peace in 1848 but was breaking down because it was increassingly was incompatible with the goals of [[Prussia]]. Hostile acts and decay permitted the triumph of 19th-century Realpolitik, typified by [[Otto von Bismark]] and the revival of more sinister versions of former causes of war.
The success of Vienna in 1815 can be contrasted with the failures at Paris in 1919. to guarantee peace. The Congress of Vienna abandoned the kind of revenge, and retribution that had prevailed in Europe before 1815, but the Paris Peace Conference reintroduced these themes at the treaty level in its punishment of Germany. The contracting parties at the Congress of Vienna were strong and willing to enforce their will and decisions. The opposite was true following the Paris Conference, as Germany rearmed and threatened its neighbors.
==Decisions==
==Decisions==
The main provisions of the final Treaty of Vienna were:
The main provisions of the final Treaty of Vienna were:
* Lawday, David. ''Napoleon's Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand'' (2007) 386 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=kJOxHeWgTOUC&pg=PA274&dq=%22congress+of+vienna%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpts and text search]
* Lawday, David. ''Napoleon's Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand'' (2007) 386 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=kJOxHeWgTOUC&pg=PA274&dq=%22congress+of+vienna%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpts and text search]
* Nicolson, Harold. ''The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822'' (1945); 320 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22congress+of+vienna%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpts and text search]
* Nicolson, Harold. ''The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822'' (1945); 320 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22congress+of+vienna%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpts and text search]
* Schroeder, Paul. '' The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848'' (1996) 920 pages; advanced history by a conservative scholar; [http://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA517&dq=%22congress+of+vienna%22+inauthor:paul+inauthor:schroeder&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1980&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&num=30&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
[[Category:European History]]
[[Category:European History]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]
[[Category:Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Napoleonic Wars]]