Changes

Edward wrested control in a night time coup in 1330, then had Mortimer tried by Parliament and executed; and “retired” his mother to comfortable obscurity. (She was to die in a convent in 1358.)

Edward wrested control in a night time coup in 1330, then had Mortimer tried by Parliament and executed; and “retired” his mother to comfortable obscurity. (She was to die in a convent in 1358.)

His first notable act was to take advantage of a weakened [[Scotland]] following the death of [[Robert Bruce]] (1329).  He refused to honour the “shameful peace” organised by Isabella and Mortimer in 1328, supported the claims of [[Edward Balliol]] against the 5 year old [[David II]], and in 1333 laid siege, to [[Berwick]] Castle. A relieving Scottish force was resoundingly defeated at Hallidon Hill near Berwick; but further campaigns achieved little, partly because of French support for the Scots – a state of affairs to be repeated many times in the stormy relationship between the two kingdoms up to as recently as the 18th century.

His first notable act was to take advantage of a weakened [[Scotland]] following the death of [[Robert Bruce]] (1329).  He refused to honour the “shameful peace” organised by Isabella and Mortimer in 1328, supported the claims of [[Edward Balliol]] against the 5 year old [[David II]], and in 1333 laid siege, to [[Berwick upon Tweed|Berwick]] Castle. A relieving Scottish force was resoundingly defeated at Hallidon Hill near Berwick; but further campaigns achieved little, partly because of French support for the Scots – a state of affairs to be repeated many times in the stormy relationship between the two kingdoms up to as recently as the 18th century.

In 1337 hostilities broke out in the feudally complex south-west of France between the English and French crowns. Initially generated by France’s desire to take advantage of the English focus on Scotland, and the age old competition for trade in Gascony and the Lowlands; this time the contest became “personal” when Edward claimed to be the rightful king of France after the extinction of the [[Capetian]] royal line a few years earlier. (Under English law his claim was valid, but was political and emotional anathema to the French nobility.) This was the start of what has become known as the [[Hundred Years War]], which dominated much of Edward’s reign.

In 1337 hostilities broke out in the feudally complex south-west of France between the English and French crowns. Initially generated by France’s desire to take advantage of the English focus on Scotland, and the age old competition for trade in Gascony and the Lowlands; this time the contest became “personal” when Edward claimed to be the rightful king of France after the extinction of the [[Capetian]] royal line a few years earlier. (Under English law his claim was valid, but was political and emotional anathema to the French nobility.) This was the start of what has become known as the [[Hundred Years War]], which dominated much of Edward’s reign.

The war in its various stages over the first twenty years was successful for the English. The sea battles off [[Sluys]] (1340) and [[Winchelsea]] (1350]) and the capture of [[Calais]] (1347) gave England command of the sea and the approximate French coast. The battles of Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1357) introduced to European conflicts the devastating power of the Anglo-Welsh longbow, and showed Edward and his eldest son [[Edward the Black Prince]] to be able planners and commanders of men. The ransoms received for the return of the French nobility captured at these battles went some way towards alleviating the extreme costs of the war. In the Treaty of Calais (1360) England won recognition of sovereignty over Aquitaine and an area around Calais.

The war in its various stages over the first twenty years was successful for the English. The sea battles off [[Battle of Sluys|Sluys]] (1340) and [[Winchelsea]] (1350]) and the capture of [[Calais]] (1347) gave England command of the sea and the approximate French coast. The battles of Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1357) introduced to European conflicts the devastating power of the Anglo-Welsh longbow, and showed Edward and his eldest son [[Edward the Black Prince]] to be able planners and commanders of men. The ransoms received for the return of the French nobility captured at these battles went some way towards alleviating the extreme costs of the war. In the Treaty of Calais (1360) England won recognition of sovereignty over Aquitaine and an area around Calais.

In 1360 France restarted the war and within a few years all of Edward’s gains had been lost except for [[Calais]] and its surroundings.

In 1360 France restarted the war and within a few years all of Edward’s gains had been lost except for [[Calais]] and its surroundings.

The House of Commons became an integral part of Parliament. Geoffrey Chaucer secured patronage. The great alliterative verse, Langland’s “Piers Plowman” was commenced. The need for Edward to constantly negotiate for the money required for his French campaigns made him the master of compromise, and kept the kingdom free from internal strife – almost unique amongst the [[Plantagenet]] reigns. The desires of the [[barons]] were satisfied by grants, and ongoing chances of glory in France.  

The House of Commons became an integral part of Parliament. Geoffrey Chaucer secured patronage. The great alliterative verse, Langland’s “Piers Plowman” was commenced. The need for Edward to constantly negotiate for the money required for his French campaigns made him the master of compromise, and kept the kingdom free from internal strife – almost unique amongst the [[Plantagenet]] reigns. The desires of the [[barons]] were satisfied by grants, and ongoing chances of glory in France.  

His reign is seen as a high point in the concept of [[chivalry]]. The [[Order of the Garter]], still the highest English imperial honour, was inaugurated by Edward in 1348. The first Dukedom was created. ([[Cormwall]].)

His reign is seen as a high point in the concept of [[chivalry]]. The [[Order of the Garter]], still the highest English imperial honour, was inaugurated by Edward in 1348. The first Dukedom was created. ([[Cornwall]].)

The last few years before his death saw a decline in his health and ability to govern. Philippa died in 1369. Increasingly, power was wielded by a clique surrounding his mistress, Alice Perrers. (The “Good Parliament” (1376) organised by the king’s most powerful son, [[John of Gaunt]], Duke of Lancaster, impeached her, but she managed to return, and was with him at his death on 21st June 1377.

The last few years before his death saw a decline in his health and ability to govern. Philippa died in 1369. Increasingly, power was wielded by a clique surrounding his mistress, Alice Perrers. (The “Good Parliament” (1376) organised by the king’s most powerful son, [[John of Gaunt]], Duke of [[Lancaster]], impeached her, but she managed to return, and was with him at his death on 21st June 1377.

He was succeeded by his nine year old grandson, [[Richard II]], the son of Edward, the Black Prince, who had died the previous year.

He was succeeded by his nine year old grandson, [[Richard II]], the son of [[Edward the Black Prince]], who had died the previous year.