Changes

Oil was discovered in Nigeria and it joined OPEC.  But the Muslim Hausa-Fulani seized power in 1983 and ruled for 16 years, discriminating against the Christians.  In 1999, a civilian government was reestablished pursuant to a new constitution.

Oil was discovered in Nigeria and it joined OPEC.  But the Muslim Hausa-Fulani seized power in 1983 and ruled for 16 years, discriminating against the Christians.  In 1999, a civilian government was reestablished pursuant to a new constitution.

A Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta, who had been educated in Britain, combined with a secret organization known as Mau Mau to drive the British out and establish independence in 1963.  The United States, fearing infiltration by communists, sided with Britain in opposing this.  Kenyatta established Nairobi as a business center in East Africa.  Daniel arap Moi succeeded Kenyatta upon his death in 1978.  Ethnic strife and protests for greater democracy plagued Kenya at the end of the 20th century.

A Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta, who had been educated in Britain, joined a secret organization known as Mau Mau. It's purpose was  to drive the British out and establish independence in 1963.  The United States, fearing infiltration by communists, sided with Britain in opposing this.  Kenyatta established Nairobi as a business center in East Africa.  Daniel arap Moi succeeded Kenyatta upon his death in 1978.  Ethnic strife and protests for greater democracy plagued Kenya at the end of the 20th century.

The British Colony of the Gold Coast (Ghana) was the first of all these to achieve independence.  Kwame Nkrumah was helped by the communists and by his education in the United States.  He spent money on improving roads and education and health care, but the economy failed as a result.  He was also a leader establishing the Pan-African Congress in 1945 with the help of Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey.  The goal of this organization, along with the Organization of African Unity (OAU) (founded in 1963), was to establish an Africa ruled by Africans.  But in 1966 the Ghana military revolted against Nkrumah while he was away in China, presumably on a mission to obtain more communist aid.  Power has frequently changed hands in Ghana ever since, and at two points (1979 and 1981) a Ghana Air Force pilot named Jerry Rawlings served as president.

The British Colony of the Gold Coast (Ghana) was the first of all these to achieve independence.  Kwame Nkrumah was helped by the communists and by his education in the United States.  He spent money on improving roads and education and health care, but the economy failed as a result.  He was also a leader establishing the Pan-African Congress in 1945 with the help of Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey.  The goal of this organization, along with the Organization of African Unity (OAU) (founded in 1963), was to establish an Africa ruled by Africans.  But in 1966, the Ghana military revolted against Nkrumah while he was away in China, presumably on a mission to obtain more communist aid.  Power has frequently changed hands in Ghana ever since, and at two points (1979 and 1981) a Ghana Air Force pilot named Jerry Rawlings served as president.

==== French colony – Algeria ====

==== French colony – Algeria ====

France had many small colonies in Africa, including Morocco and Tunisia, to which France granted independence in 1956.  But France’s primary colony was Algeria, a Muslim country in North Africa.  Instead of granting it independence, France offered citizenship to all the Algerians, which partly explains why the Muslim population in France is larger than in other European countries today.

France had many small colonies in Africa, including Morocco and Tunisia, to which France granted independence in 1956.  But France’s primary colony was Algeria, a Muslim country in North Africa.  Instead of granting it independence, France offered citizenship to all the Algerians, which partly explains why the Muslim population in France is larger than in other European countries today.

The Algerians wanted independence despite the presence of thousands of French citizens in Algeria.  In 1945 there was a bloody demonstration for independence, and in 1954 the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) demanded full independence.  The French responded by sending troops to suppress the FLN.

The Algerians wanted independence despite the presence of thousands of French citizens in Algeria.  In 1945, there was a bloody demonstration for independence, and in 1954 the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) demanded full independence.  The French responded by sending troops to suppress the FLN.

In 1958, Charles de Gaulle successfully returned to power in France, after having led France during World War II.  He feared an Algerian rebellion, and favored granting independence to it and others.  France officially granted Algeria independence in 1962, and Ahmed Ben Bella became its first prime minister.  In 1965, Ben Bella was deposed (overthrown).  A fully Islamic government took control in 1985 due in part to a drop in the price of oil, which caused a crisis in the Algerian economy.

In 1958, Charles de Gaulle successfully returned to power in France, after having led France during World War II.  He feared an Algerian rebellion, and favored granting independence to it and others.  France officially granted Algeria independence in 1962, and Ahmed Ben Bella became its first prime minister.  In 1965, Ben Bella was deposed (overthrown).  A fully Islamic government took control in 1985 due in part to a drop in the price of oil, which caused a crisis in the Algerian economy.

==== Dutch and British colony – South Africa ====

==== Dutch and British colony – South Africa ====

South Africa was the most complex, and the most prosperous, of the African colonies.  As early as the 1600s the Dutch established Cape Town as a city at the southern tip of Africa.  But during the Napoleonic Wars the British captured Cape Town (in 1815) and drove the Dutch (the “Boers”) inland.  The Dutch favored continuation of slavery; the British abolished slavery in its empire in 1833.

South Africa was the most complex, and the most prosperous, of all African colonies.  As early as the 1600s, the Dutch established Cape Town as a city at the southern tip of Africa.  But during the Napoleonic Wars the British captured Cape Town (in 1815) and drove the Dutch (the “Boers”) inland.  The Dutch favored continuation of slavery; the British abolished slavery in its empire in 1833.

The Boers fought the native Africans (Bantu tribes such as the Zulus) during the Great Trek of the Boers.  The Boers founded two inland republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.  But the British were more powerful, and controlled wealthy diamond mines.  The Brit Cecil Rhodes acquired great wealth through his monopoly of the diamond production in 1889, and he served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.

The Boers fought the native Africans (Bantu tribes such as the Zulus) during the Great Trek of the Boers.  The Boers founded two inland republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.  But the British were more powerful, and controlled wealthy diamond mines.  The Brit Cecil Rhodes acquired great wealth through his monopoly of the diamond production in 1889, and he served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.

There was increasing pressure worldwide for South Africa to end its racism.  Its athletes were banned from the Olympics since the 1960s, and trade restrictions were imposed by other nations.  A black South African bishop, Desmond Tutu, called for boycotts of his own nation.

There was increasing pressure worldwide for South Africa to end its racism.  Its athletes were banned from the Olympics since the 1960s, and trade restrictions were imposed by other nations.  A black South African bishop, Desmond Tutu, called for boycotts of his own nation.

Finally, in 1989, a new South African president named F.W. de Klerk was elected who would change the country.  With international approval, de Klerk legalized the ANC, released Nelson Mandela from jail, and obtained repeal of apartheid laws, and agreed to fully democratic elections in 1994.  Nelson Mandela then won those elections and the ANC won a majority in the National Assembly, the bigger house in the South African Parliament.  A new constitution containing a bill of rights like that in the United States was adopted in 1996, though it also included entitlement and social rights.  The world fully accepts South Africa now, and it will host the World Cup (soccer) in 2010.  But while the outside world accepts South Africa, the country has been hurt by a mass exodus based on a fear of crime and opposition to race-based hiring rules.  "We as a nation cannot afford to lose skilled and hard-working citizens of whatever hue," declared one South African candidate for high office in 2006. <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5412892.stm</ref>

Finally, in 1989, a new South African president named F.W. de Klerk was elected. He would change the country.  With international approval, de Klerk legalized the ANC, released Nelson Mandela from jail, and obtained repeal of apartheid laws, and agreed to fully democratic elections in 1994.  Nelson Mandela then won those elections and the ANC won a majority in the National Assembly, the bigger house in the South African Parliament.  A new constitution containing a bill of rights like that in the United States was adopted in 1996, though it also included entitlement and social rights.  The world fully accepts South Africa now, and it will host the World Cup (soccer) in 2010.  But while the outside world accepts South Africa, the country has been hurt by a mass exodus based on a fear of crime and opposition to race-based hiring rules.  "We as a nation cannot afford to lose skilled and hard-working citizens of whatever hue," declared one South African candidate for high office in 2006. <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5412892.stm</ref>

==== British, French and Italian colony - Somalia ====

==== British, French and Italian colony - Somalia ====