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Line 37: + − '''USS ''Constellation''''' was one of the six original frigates of the [[United States Navy]].+ + − The first ship named ''Constellation'' was designed by naval constructors Joshua Humphreys and Josiah Fox, whose plans were later altered in the execution by the builder, David Stodder, and the superintendent of shipbuilding, Captain [[Thomas Truxtun]], was built at the Sterrett Shipyard, Baltimore, Md., and launched on 7 September 1797.+ − + − Line 50:
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|-
|-
|Fate:
|Fate:
|Broken up
|Rebuilt as a sloop-of-war
|-
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Specificaations
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Specifications
|-
|-
|Displacement:
|Displacement:
|38 x 24 pounder (11 kg) long guns
|38 x 24 pounder (11 kg) long guns
|}
|}
'''USS ''Constellation''''' was one of the six original frigates of the [[United States Navy]], and for a time was assumed to have been broken up in 1853. Recent documentation has come to light that the sloop-of-war named ''Constellation'' now on display in Baltimore, Maryland is indeed the Navy's first commissioned warship.
==First life==
''Constellation'' was designed by naval constructors Joshua Humphreys and Josiah Fox, whose plans were later altered in the execution by the builder, David Stodder, and the superintendent of shipbuilding, Captain [[Thomas Truxtun]], was built at the Sterrett Shipyard, Baltimore, Md., and launched on 7 September 1797.
====Quasi and Barbary Wars service====
''Constellation'' convoyed American merchantmen at the outset (June through August 1798), before sailing for the West Indies to protect United States’ commerce in those waters. Under the command of Captain Truxtun, she sailed for the Caribbean in December 1798. Subsequently, on 9 February 1799 she received her baptism of fire in capturing the French 40-gun frigate ''L’Insurgente'' in battle off Nevis, West Indies, in a hard fought victory, and bringing her prize into port. In succeeding months, she also encountered and seized two French privateers, ''Diligent'' and ''Union''. After a brief voyage under Captain [[Samuel Barron]], ''Constellation'', commanded again by Truxtun, sailed in December 1799 for the West Indies. On the evening of 1 February 1800 she engaged the French 52-gun frigate ''Vengeance'' in a lengthy, furious battle. Although ''Vengeance'' twice struck her colors and was close to sinking, she was able to utilize the cover of darkness to escape from ''Constellation'' which, disabled by the loss of her mainmast, proved unable to pursue [http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Naval_History/800NC351.html]. More success came to her in May 1800 when she recaptured three American merchantmen. At the end of the [[Quasi-War]] with France, ''Constellation'' returned to home waters, where misfortune awaited her. Anchoring in Delaware Bay on 10 April 1801, the ship was caught in winds and an ebb tide that laid her over on her beam ends, occasioning extensive repairs.
''Constellation'' convoyed American merchantmen at the outset (June through August 1798), before sailing for the West Indies to protect United States’ commerce in those waters. Under the command of Captain Truxtun, she sailed for the Caribbean in December 1798. Subsequently, on 9 February 1799 she received her baptism of fire in capturing the French 40-gun frigate ''L’Insurgente'' in battle off Nevis, West Indies, in a hard fought victory, and bringing her prize into port. In succeeding months, she also encountered and seized two French privateers, ''Diligent'' and ''Union''. After a brief voyage under Captain [[Samuel Barron]], ''Constellation'', commanded again by Truxtun, sailed in December 1799 for the West Indies. On the evening of 1 February 1800 she engaged the French 52-gun frigate ''Vengeance'' in a lengthy, furious battle. Although ''Vengeance'' twice struck her colors and was close to sinking, she was able to utilize the cover of darkness to escape from ''Constellation'' which, disabled by the loss of her mainmast, proved unable to pursue. More success came to her in May 1800 when she recaptured three American merchantmen. At the end of the [[Quasi-War]] with France, ''Constellation'' returned to home waters, where misfortune awaited her. Anchoring in Delaware Bay on 10 April 1801, the ship was caught in winds and an ebb tide that laid her over on her beam ends, occasioning extensive repairs.
Sailing with the squadron of Commodore Robert Morris, and later, with that of Commodores Samuel Barron and John Rodgers, ''Constellation'' served in the blockade of Tripoli in May 1802. She cruised widely throughout the Mediterranean in 1804 to show the flag in demonstration of United States seapower; evacuated in June 1805 a contingent of U.S. Marines, as well as diplomatic personages, from Derne at the conclusion of a remarkable fleet-shore operation against Tripoli; and took part in a squadron movement against Tunis that culminated in peace terms in August 1805. ''Constellation'' returned to the States in November 1805, mooring at Washington where she later was placed in ordinary until 1812.
Sailing with the squadron of Commodore Robert Morris, and later, with that of Commodores Samuel Barron and John Rodgers, ''Constellation'' served in the blockade of Tripoli in May 1802. She cruised widely throughout the Mediterranean in 1804 to show the flag in demonstration of United States seapower; evacuated in June 1805 a contingent of U.S. Marines, as well as diplomatic personages, from Derne at the conclusion of a remarkable fleet-shore operation against Tripoli; and took part in a squadron movement against Tunis that culminated in peace terms in August 1805. ''Constellation'' returned to the States in November 1805, mooring at Washington where she later was placed in ordinary until 1812.
In the wake of the [[War of 1812]], naval action resumed against the Barbary powers that had enriched themselves considerably during the struggle with England. ''Constellation'', attached to the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore [[Stephen Decatur]], sailed from New York on 20 May 1815 and joined in the capture of the Algerian frigate ''Mashuda'' on 17 June 1815. Treaties of peace soon ensued Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. ''Constellation'' remained with the squadron under Commodores [[William Bainbridge]], Isaac Chauncey, and John Shaw to enforce the accords, returning to Hampton Roads only in December 1817.
In the wake of the [[War of 1812]], naval action resumed against the Barbary powers that had enriched themselves considerably during the struggle with England. ''Constellation'', attached to the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore [[Stephen Decatur]], sailed from New York on 20 May 1815 and joined in the capture of the Algerian frigate ''Mashuda'' on 17 June 1815. Treaties of peace soon ensued Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. ''Constellation'' remained with the squadron under Commodores [[William Bainbridge]], Isaac Chauncey, and John Shaw to enforce the accords, returning to Hampton Roads only in December 1817.
====Later service====
Except for brief periods under repair in 1828-29, 1832, 1834-35, and 1838-39, ''Constellation’s'' career through the mid-point in the 19th century proved varied and colorful. From 12 November 1819 to 24 April 1820 she served as flagship of Commodore Charles Morris on the Brazil Station, protecting American commerce against privateers and supporting the negotiation of trade agreements with South American nations. On 25 July 1820, she sailed for the first time to Pacific waters where she was attached to the Squadron of Commodore [[Charles Stewart]]. She remained thus employed for two years, protecting American shipping off the coast of Peru, an area where disquiet erupted into revolt against Spain.
Except for brief periods under repair in 1828-29, 1832, 1834-35, and 1838-39, ''Constellation’s'' career through the mid-point in the 19th century proved varied and colorful. From 12 November 1819 to 24 April 1820 she served as flagship of Commodore Charles Morris on the Brazil Station, protecting American commerce against privateers and supporting the negotiation of trade agreements with South American nations. On 25 July 1820, she sailed for the first time to Pacific waters where she was attached to the Squadron of Commodore [[Charles Stewart]]. She remained thus employed for two years, protecting American shipping off the coast of Peru, an area where disquiet erupted into revolt against Spain.
The decade of the 1840’s saw Constellation circumnavigate the globe. As flagship of Captain Kearny and the East India Squadron, her mission, as assigned in March 1841, was to safeguard American lives and property against loss in the [[Opium War]], and further, to enable negotiation of commercial treaties. En route home in May 1843 she entered the [[Hawaiian Islands]], helping to keep them from becoming a British protectorate, and thereafter she sailed homeward making calls at South American ports.
The decade of the 1840’s saw Constellation circumnavigate the globe. As flagship of Captain Kearny and the East India Squadron, her mission, as assigned in March 1841, was to safeguard American lives and property against loss in the [[Opium War]], and further, to enable negotiation of commercial treaties. En route home in May 1843 she entered the [[Hawaiian Islands]], helping to keep them from becoming a British protectorate, and thereafter she sailed homeward making calls at South American ports.
Ultimately laid up in ordinary at Norfolk from 1845 to 1853, ''Constellation'' was broken up there in 1853.
Ultimately laid up in ordinary at Norfolk from 1845 to 1853, ''Constellation'' was converted ("razeed") from a frigate to a sloop-of-war. The Navy annual report for 1854, v. 778, p. 475 mentioned twenty sloops-of-war either built or modified, with attention placed on two former frigates: "The sloops-of-war are twenty in number. The largest of these ships, the ''Constellation'', was built in 1797, as a frigate of the second class, and had been many times rebuilt. Being found altogether unworthy of further repair, she has been rebuilt as a spar-deck sloop, and will be fully equal to the razee sloops of other nations. The ''Macedonian'' was also a frigate of the second class, built in 1836, and has been converted into a spar-deck sloop. These two ships may be considered as among the most efficient in the navy." [http://www.frigateconstellation.com/]
==Second life==
{| style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em" border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300"
|align="center" colspan="2"|
|-
!style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Career
!style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[File:50 star jack.png|52px|USN Jack]]
|-
|Commissioned:
|28 July 1855
|-
|Fate:
|Museum; Baltimore, Maryland
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Specifications
|-
|Displacement:
|1,400 tons
|-
|Length:
|179 feet
|-
|Beam:
|41 feet
|-
|Draft:
|21 feet
|-
|Propulsion:
|Sail
|-
|Speed:
|14 knots (26 km/h)
|-
|Complement:
|240 officers and enlisted
|-
|Armament:
|Sixteen 8-inch shell guns; four 32-pound pivot guns
|}
''Constellation'' was redesigned into a sloop [http://www.frigateconstellation.com/new.htm] by John Lenthall at the Norfolk Navy Yard, and was commissioned on 28 July 1855 and departed under Captain Charles H. Bell for a 3-year cruise with the Mediterranean Squadron to protect American interests. While on station, ''Constellation'' was dispatched to protect American lives and property at Malaga, Spain, in July 1856 during a revolution in that country. While cruising in the Sea of Marmora the same year, she rescued a barque in distress, and received an official message in appreciation from the court of the Austrian emperor.
''Constellation'' was detached from the Mediterranean Squadron on 17 April 1858 and after a brief cruise in Cuban waters where she safeguarded American commerce against unlawful search on the high seas, returned to the New York Navy Yard on 5 June. She was then decommissioned at Boston on 13 August. Re-entering active service in June 1859 as flagship of the African Squadron, ''Constellation'' took station off the mouth of the Congo River on 21 November 1859, she captured the brig Delicia during the mid watch on 21 December 1859 “without colors or papers to show her nationality… completely fitted in all respects for the immediate embarcation [sic] of slaves...” On 26 September 1860, after her entire crew had turned-to to “trim the vessel for the chase” (even wetting the sails “so they would push the sloop along”), ''Constellation'' captured the “fast little bark” ''Cora'' (which showed no flag and carried 705 slaves), nearly running down the slaver in the darkness. When captured, the slavers were impounded and sold at auction, their captains required to post bond and await trial, while their crews were landed at the nearest port and released. The newly freed slaves were taken to Monrovia, Liberia. The U.S. government paid a bounty of $25 for each freed slave freed, and “prize money” for each impounded ship to be divided among the crew proportionally according to rank.
====Civil War service====
On 19 April 1861, one week after Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter to begin the [[American Civil War]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] issued a proclamation declaring a blockade of southern ports and on 2 May called for the enlistment of 18,000 additional seamen. ''Constellation’s'' seizure of the brig ''Triton'' on 21 May 1861 proved one of the U.S. Navy’s first captures of the Civil War. Although ''Constellation’s'' men found no slaves on board the captured vessel, they noted that “…every preparation for their reception had been made…”
Ordered home in August 1861, ''Constellation'' reached Portsmouth, New Hampshire Navy Yard on 28 September, but soon received orders to the Mediterranean, where her economy and endurance would enable her to outperform less reliable steam ships, to guard Union merchant ships against attack by Confederate cruisers and commerce raiders. On 11 March 1862 ''Constellation'' sailed from Portsmouth under the command of Commodore Henry K. Thatcher. Arriving on 19 April, ''Constellation'' spent two years (April 1862 to May 1864) engaged in patrolling, at one point assisting in blockading the Confederate warship ''Sumter'', abandoned by her captain and officers except for a token, caretaker crew, at Gibraltar, and later participating in the attempt to prevent the Confederate Navy from taking possession of the British-built steamer ''Southerner'' in Italy for use as a commerce raider.
Returning home via the West Indies, ''Constellation'' operated briefly in the latter region, wrote one of her sailors, “trying to capture Rebel privateers and cruisers and blockade runners. The process of reasoning ... seems to be that our ship is supposed to be in European waters, and there is no United States warship resembling her cruising about here, and consequently she might approach closely to a Rebel vessel or blockade runner without exciting suspicion...”
With the terms of enlistment of most of the crew expiring, Admiral [[David G. Farragut]] ordered ''Constellation'' to Hampton Roads on 27 November 1864. After pursuing a blockade-runner along the coast, ''Constellation'' reached Fortress Monroe on Christmas Day 1864. In January 1865, the men whose enlistments had expired were “paid off” and discharged, the remainder of the crew was transferred to ''St. Lawrence'', and the officers sent on leave to await orders. ''Constellation'' finished the Civil War as a receiving ship at Norfolk, a duty she performed there, and later at Philadelphia, until 1869.
====Later service====
Recommissioned on 25 May 1871, she took midshipmen on their summer training cruises for the next twenty-two years. In 1871-1872, she received further modification so she could also be utilized for gunnery instruction with a main battery of eight 9-inch Dahlgren guns, plus one 100-pound Parrott Rifle and one 11-inch Dahlgren gun.
During her assignment at the Naval Academy, ''Constellation'' received several special missions that punctuated her training regimen. From March to July 1878, she transported exhibits to France for the Paris Exposition. On 10 November 1879, she was placed in commission for a special voyage to Gibraltar, carrying crew and stores for the flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron and thereafter returning to New York. From March to June 1880, she carried relief supplies to victims of famine in Ireland. To modify ''Constellation'' for that mission, her armament and some ballast were removed, and carpenters at the New York Navy Yard built bins on the orlop deck to carry a cargo of over 2,500 barrels of potatoes and flour. Reaching Queenstown on 20 April and offloading the cargo onto lighters, she took on ballast for the return trip. Again active in September 1892 she sailed for Gibraltar in order to assemble works of art for the Columbian Exposition, stopping en route at Naples and Le Havre, and ultimately reached New York in February 1893. She departed on her final training cruise to Gibraltar on 3 June 1893, returning under sail for the last time on August 29. On 2 September 1893, she was placed out of commission at Annapolis, and was subsequently towed by the tug Leyden to Norfolk for repairs.
Converted to a stationary training ship, ''Constellation'' reached Newport on 22 May 1894, and remained a permanently moored vessel, with the exception of two excursions and occasional trips to the repair yard, into the second decade of the 20th century. In June 1904 ''Constellation'' was dry-docked at the New York Navy Yard for extensive survey and repair. Retained for her historic value and for conducting drills on her spars, rigging and sails, ''Constellation'' remained in Newport seeing decreased activity over the next twenty years until the Navy discontinued sail training in 1920.
In recognition of the one-hundredth anniversary of the writing of the national anthem, the National Star Spangled Banner Centennial commission asked that ''Constellation'' participate. Acting Secretary of the Navy [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered the vessel restored “as she appeared in 1814,” but to minimize costs, “include only such general details as would be noticed by the layman.” ''Constellation'', towed to Norfolk by the tug ''Uncas'', underwent the necessary modifications (19th-century ordnance fabricated at the Boston Navy Yard, dummy sails stuffed with straw and alterations such as removal of the 1880’s-era bridge platform and 1890’s deck housing), and was towed thence to Baltimore harbor, where she lay on display from 7 September (the anniversary of the 1797 frigate’s launching) until 29 October 1914. She was then towed to Washington, DC where she lay on display from 31 October to 4 December. After repairs at Norfolk in December, she returned to training duty at Newport on 19 May 1915.
On 1 December 1917, to clear the name ''Constellation'' for assignment to a projected [[Lexington-class battle cruiser|battle cruiser]] authorized on 29 August 1916, the ship was renamed ''Old Constellation''. She reverted to her original name on 24 July 1925 when the battle cruiser was scrapped under the provisions of the Washington Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armaments.
On 15 May 1926, ''Constellation'' was towed to Philadelphia and moored alongside the second-line light cruiser ''Olympia'' (CL-15), the ship that had been Admiral George Dewey’s flagship at the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898. ''Constellation'' made her last public appearance as a commissioned U.S. Navy ship during the ceremonies accompanying the 150th anniversary of the signing of the [[Declaration of Independence]] on 4 July 1926. After a short drydocking at Philadelphia, she was towed back to Newport in November.
==Naval relic==
On 16 June 1933 a Navy Department order placed ''Constellation'' in a decommissioned status for preservation as a naval relic. Although numerous surveys were conducted and estimates given for the cost of restoring the vessel as a national historic shrine, no decisions on the ship’s fate were taken. Global conflict, however, soon saw ''Constellation’s'' return to active service. Recommissioned on 24 August 1940, she was classified as a miscellaneous, unclassified, auxiliary, IX-20, on 8 January 1941. On 21 May 1941, ''Constellation'' was designated relief flagship for Admiral Ernest J. King, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Subsequently, with King’s appointment as Chief of Naval Operations at the beginning of 1942, the venerable sloop continued in this capacity under Vice Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll from 19 January to 20 July 1942, when the flag was shifted to the gunboat Vixen (PG-53). Ingersoll again used ''Constellation'' as his flagship during 1943-1944.
Plans to memorialize ''Constellation'' brought her to Boston in October 1946 but lack of funds delayed the project. Decommissioned for the last time on 4 February 1955, the old ship was moved to Baltimore in a floating dry-dock for restoration and preservation as a historic ship by a private, non-profit organization.
With little money and no government funds available, it took nearly a decade of work before she was restored enough to allow the public on board. During that period, the ship was configured to resemble her appearence as the 1797 frigate, it being assumed - but not proven - that both ships were the same vessel. In 1968, the ship was moved to the inner harbor where she served as the centerpiece of the city’s revitalization effort. Lack of maintenance funds, however, led to significant dry rot over the next two decades, resulting in a 36-inch hog in her keel and severely damaged her structural integrity.
In 1994, her rigging was removed and she was closed to the public. A new Constellation Foundation raised the funds needed for a major renovation project and the repaired sloop-of-war returned to her permanent berth in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor on 2 July 1999.
==Links==
==Links==