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==Government==

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The governing coalition led by the Indian National Congress sailed to a decisive victory in India’s parliamentary elections in May 2009, vaulting Manmohan Singh, age 77, a soft-spoken economic reformer, to a second term as prime minister, and ending the prospect of political instability in the world’s most populous democracy.

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According to its Constitution, India is a "sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic." Like the United States, India has a federal form of government. However, the central government in India has greater power in relation to its states, and has adopted a British-style parliamentary system.

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*Ambassador to the UN--Nirupam Sen

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===~~Political Conditions~~===

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===Politics ===

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The governing coalition led by the Indian National Congress sailed to a decisive victory in India’s parliamentary elections in May 2009, vaulting Manmohan Singh, age 77, a soft-spoken economic reformer, to a second term as prime minister, and ending the prospect of political instability in the world’s most populous democracy.

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[[File:India-14.jpg|thumb|390px]]

Emerging as the nation's single largest party in the April/May 2004 Lok Sabha election, Congress currently leads a coalition government under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Party President Sonia Gandhi was re-elected by the Party National Executive in May 2005. Also a Member of Parliament, she heads the Congress Lok Sabha delegation. Congress prides itself as a secular, left of center party, with a long history of political dominance. Although its performance in national elections had steadily declined during the last 12 years, its surprise victory in 2004 was a result of recruiting strong allies into the UPA, the anti-incumbency factor among voters, and its courtship of India's many poor, rural and Muslim voters. Congress political fortunes suffered badly in the 1990s, as many traditional supporters were lost to emerging regional and caste-based parties, such as the Bahujan Samaj Party and the Samajwadi Party, but have rebounded since its May 2004 ascension to power. It currently rules either directly or in coalition with its allies in 9 states. In November 2005, the Congress regained the Chief Ministership of Jammu and Kashmir state, under a power-sharing agreement.

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==Bilateral and Regional Relations==

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===Pakistan===

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===Tense relations with Pakistan===

India and Pakistan have been locked in a tense rivalry since the partition of the subcontinent upon achieving independence from Great Britain in 1947. The principal source of contention has been Kashmir, whose Hindu Maharaja at that time chose to join India, although a majority of his subjects were Muslim. India maintains that his decision and subsequent elections in Kashmir have made it an integral part of India. This dispute triggered wars between the two countries in 1947 and 1965 and provoked the Kargil conflict in 1999.

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SAARC has intentionally stressed these "core issues" and avoided those which could prove divisive, although political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings. In 1993, India and its SAARC partners signed an agreement gradually to lower tariffs within the region. Forward movement in SAARC had slowed because of tension between India and Pakistan, and the SAARC summit scheduled for 1999 was not held until January 2002. In addition, to boost the process of normalizing India's relationship with Pakistan, the January 2004 SAARC summit in Islamabad produced an agreement to establish a South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA). All the member governments have ratified SAFTA, which was slated to come into force on January 1, 2006, with a series of graduated tariff cuts through 2015. As of December 2006, however, the FTA partners were still negotiating sensitive product lists, rules of origin, and technical assistance. India hosted the 2007 SAARC summit, which called for greater regional cooperation on trade, environmental, social, and counterterrorism issues.

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===~~People's Republic of~~ China===

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===Relations with China===

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Despite suspicions remaining from a 1962 border conflict between India and China and continuing territorial/boundary disputes, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations. Their bilateral trade reached $24 billion in 2006. China is India's second-largest trading partner behind the U.S.

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Despite suspicions remaining from a 1962 border conflict between India and [[China]] and continuing territorial/boundary disputes, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations. Their bilateral trade reached $24 billion in 2006. China is India's second-largest trading partner behind the U.S.

A series of high-level visits between the two nations has improved relations. In December 1996, Chinese President Jiang Zemin visited India on a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he and the Indian Prime Minister signed a series of confidence-building measures along the disputed border, including troop reductions and weapons limitations.

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In November 2006, President Hu Jintao made an official state visit to India, further cementing Sino-Indian relations. India and China are building on growing economic ties to improve other aspects of their relationship such as counter-terrorism, energy, and trade. In another symbol of improved ties, the two countries opened the Nathu La Pass to bilateral trade in July 2006 for the first time in 40 years. Though it is the first direct land trade route in decades, trade is expected to be local and small since the pass is open only four months a year.

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===~~Former Soviet Union~~===

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===Russia===

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) had major repercussions for Indian foreign policy. India's substantial trade with the region plummeted after the Soviet collapse and has yet to recover. Longstanding military supply relationships were similarly disrupted due to questions over financing. Russia nonetheless remains India's largest supplier of military systems and spare parts.

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==History==

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see [[History of India]]

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~~==Bronze Age India==~~

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==Further reading==

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~~===Indus Valley Civlization===~~

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The people of India have had a continuous civilization since 3300 B.C., when the inhabitants of the Indus River valley developed an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural trade. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, road-side drainage system and multi-storied houses. This civilization declined around 1700 B.C., probably due to ecological changes.

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~~===Vedic Age===~~

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The Vedic culture is the Indo-Aryan culture associated with the Vedas, which are some of the oldest extant texts, orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. It lasted from about 1500 BC to 500 BC; though this is disputed by some Indian historians who posit the earlier date of 3000 BC.. Properly speaking, the first 500 years (1500 - 1000 BC) of the Vedic Age correspond to Bronze Age India and the next 500 years (1000 - 500 BC) to Iron Age India. Many scholars today postulate an Indo-Aryan migration into India, proposing that early Indo-Aryan speaking tribes migrated into the north-west regions of the Indian subcontinent in the early 2nd millennium BC. Many scholars postulate these Indo-Aryan tribes as originating in Iran, Kurdistan or Anatolia from where they migrated east into India, and west into Europe, overunning the native northern Europeans and finally assimilating with them whilst spreading their language and culture. This has been countered by the proponents of Out of India theory, who claim Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.

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~~===Establishment of Mahajanapadas===~~

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In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned during Vedic literature as far back as 1000 BC. By 600 BC, sixteen monarchies and 'republics' known as the Mahajanapadas — Kasi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Machcha (or Matsya), Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja — stretched across the Indo-Gangetic plains from modern-day Afghanistan to south pole. This was the second major urbanisation in India after the Indus Valley Civilization. Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary, other city states elected their rulers. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit, while the dialects of the general population of northern India were referred to as Prakrits. These sixteen kingdoms had reduced to four by 500 BC, that is by the time of Siddhartha Gautama, probably due to infighting. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala and Magadha.

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~~==Classical India==~~

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~~===Persian and Greek Invasion===~~

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Much of the northwestern Indian Subcontinent (present day Eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in c. 520 BC during the reign of Darius the Great, and remained so for two centuries thereafter. In 334 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire, reaching the north-west frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There, he defeated King Puru in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab; however, Alexander's troops refused to go beyond the Hyphases (Beas) River near modern day Jalandhar, Punjab. Alexander left many Macedonian veterans in the conquered regions<ref>http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander11.html</ref>; he himself turned back and marched his army southwest.

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The Persian and Greek invasions had important repercussions on Indian civilization. The political systems of the Persians was to influence future forms of governance on the subcontinent, including the administration of the Mauryan dynasty. In addition, the region of Gandhara, or present-day eastern Afghanistan and north-west Pakistan, became a melting pot of Indian, Persian, Central Asian and Greek cultures and gave rise to a hybrid culture, Greco-Buddhism, which lasted until the 5th century AD and influenced the artistic development of Mahayana Buddhism.

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~~===Maurya and Gupta Dynasties===~~

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The subcontinent was united under the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. It subsequently became fragmented, with various parts ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next ten centuries. Its northern regions were united once again in the 4th century AD, and remained so for two centuries thereafter, under the Gupta Empire. This period was known as the "Golden Age of India." During the same time, and for several centuries afterwards, Southern India, under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas, experienced its own golden age, during which Hinduism and Buddhism spread to much of south-east Asia.

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~~==Medieval India==~~

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~~===The Islamic Sultanates===~~

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Islam spread across the subcontinent over a period of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi. In the early 16th century, Babur, a Turkish adventurer and distant relative of Timurlane, established the Mughal Dynasty, which lasted for 200 years. South India followed an independent path, but by the 17th century large areas of South India came under the direct rule or influence of the expanding Mughal Empire. While most of Indian society in its thousands of villages remained untouched by the political struggles going on around them, Indian courtly culture evolved into a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim traditions.

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~~==Colonial India==~~

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~~===East India Company===~~

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The first British outpost in South Asia was established by the English East India Company in 1619 at Surat on the northwestern coast. Later in the century, the Company opened permanent trading stations at Madras (now Chennai), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata), each under the protection of native rulers.

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The British expanded their influence from these footholds until, by the 1850s, they controlled most of present-day India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. In 1857, an unsuccessful rebellion in north India led by Indian soldiers seeking the restoration of the Mughal Emperor caused the British Parliament to transfer political power from the East India Company to the Crown. Great Britain began administering most of India directly, while controlling the rest through treaties with local rulers.

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~~===Beginnings of Independence===~~

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In the late 1800s, the first steps were taken toward self-government in British India with the appointment of Indian councilors to advise the British Viceroy and the establishment of Provincial Councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in Legislative Councils. Beginning in 1920, Indian leader Mohandas K. Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress political party into a mass movement to campaign against British colonial rule. The party used both parliamentary and nonviolent resistance and non-cooperation to agitate for independence. During this period, however, millions of Indians served with honor and distinction in the British armed forces, including service in both World Wars and countless other overseas actions in service of the Empire.

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~~==Modern India==~~

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~~===Independence===~~

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With Indians increasingly united in their quest for independence, a war-weary Britain led by Labor Prime Minister Clement Attlee began in earnest to plan for the end of its suzerainty in India. On August 15, 1947, India became a dominion within the Commonwealth, with Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime Minister. Strategic colonial considerations, as well as political tensions between Hindus and Muslims, led the British to partition British India into two separate states: India, with a Hindu majority; and Pakistan, which consisted of two "wings," East and West Pakistan--currently Bangladesh and Pakistan--with Muslim majorities. India became a republic within the Commonwealth after promulgating its Constitution on January 26, 1950.

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~~===Post-Independence India===~~

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After independence, the Indian National Congress, the party of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, ruled India under the leadership first of Nehru and then his daughter (Indira Gandhi) and grandson (Rajiv Gandhi), with the exception of brief periods in the 1970s and 1980s, during a short period in 1996, and the period from 1998-2004, when a coalition led by the Bharatiya Janata Party governed.

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Prime Minister Nehru governed the nation until his death in 1964. Nehru was succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri, who also died in office. In 1966, power passed to Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977. In 1975, beset with deepening political and economic problems, Mrs. Gandhi declared a state of emergency and suspended many civil liberties. Seeking a mandate at the polls for her policies, she called for elections in 1977, only to be defeated by Morarji Desai, who headed the Janata Party, an amalgam of five opposition parties.

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In 1979, Desai's Government crumbled. Charan Singh formed an interim government, which was followed by Mrs. Gandhi's return to power in January 1980. On October 31, 1984, Mrs. Gandhi was assassinated, and her son, Rajiv, was chosen by the Congress (I)--for "Indira"--Party to take her place. His Congress government was plagued with allegations of corruption resulting in an early call for national elections in 1989.

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Although Rajiv Gandhi's Congress Party won more seats than any other single party in the 1989 elections, he was unable to form a government with a clear majority. The Janata Dal, a union of opposition parties, then joined with the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on the right and the Communists on the left to form the government. This loose coalition collapsed in November 1990, and the Janata Dal, supported by the Congress (I), came to power for a short period, with Chandra Shekhar as Prime Minister. That alliance also collapsed, resulting in national elections in June 1991.

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~~===Economic history===~~

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National economic policy went through four stages:<ref> Arvind Panagariya, ''India: The Emerging Giant'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) </ref> 1951-65 was - a period of relative liberalism under Nehru; 1965-81 -- a period where “Socialism Strikes with a Vengeance”; 1981-88 was “Liberalization by Stealth”; and 1988-2006 represents “The Triumph of Liberalization."<ref> Liberalization means less government regulation, of the sort favored by American conservatives.</ref> Recent high growth rates have led to lower poverty and have been the single biggest benefit of liberalization.

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~~===Recent History===~~

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[[~~File:Indians..jpg|right]]~~

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While campaigning in Tamil Nadu on behalf of Congress (I), Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated on May 27, 1991, apparently by Tamil extremists from Sri Lanka, unhappy with India's armed intervention to try to stop the civil war there. In the elections, Congress (I) won 213 parliamentary seats and returned to power at the head of a coalition, under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao. This Congress-led government, which served a full 5-year term, initiated a gradual process of ~~economic liberalization and reform, which opened the Indian economy to global trade and investment.~~ India's domestic politics also took new shape, as the nationalist appeal of the Congress Party gave way to traditional caste, creed, regional, and ethnic alignments, leading to the founding of a plethora of small, regionally based political parties.

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The final months of the Rao-led government in the spring of 1996 were marred by several major corruption scandals, which contributed to the worst electoral performance by the Congress Party in its history. The Hindu-nationalist BJP emerged from the May 1996 national elections as the single-largest party in the Lok Sabha but without a parliamentary majority. Under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the subsequent BJP coalition lasted only 13 days. With all political parties wishing to avoid another round of elections, a 14-party coalition led by the Janata Dal formed a government known as the United Front, under the former Chief Minister of Karnataka, H.D. Deve Gowda. His government collapsed after less than a year, when the Congress Party withdrew its support in March 1997. Inder Kumar Gujral replaced Deve Gowda as the consensus choice for Prime Minister at the head of a 16-party United Front coalition.

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~~[[File:Indian people.jpg|left~~]]

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In November 1997, the Congress Party again withdrew support from the United Front. In new elections in February 1998, the BJP won the largest number of seats in Parliament--182--but fell far short of a majority. On March 20, 1998, the President approved a BJP-led coalition government with Vajpayee again serving as Prime Minister. On May 11 and 13, 1998, this government conducted a series of underground nuclear tests, spurring U.S. President Clinton to impose economic sanctions on India pursuant to the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act.

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~~[[File:India-13.jpg|thumb|400px]]~~

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In April 1999, the BJP-led coalition government fell apart, leading to fresh elections in September. The National Democratic Alliance--a new coalition led by the BJP--won a majority to form the government with Vajpayee as Prime Minister in October 1999. The NDA government was the first in many years to serve a full five year term, providing much-needed political stability.

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~~The Kargil conflict in 1999 and an attack by terrorists on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 led to increased tensions with Pakistan.~~

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Hindu nationalists supportive of the BJP agitated to build a temple on a disputed site in Ayodhya, destroying a 17th century mosque there in December 1992, and sparking widespread religious riots in which thousands, mostly Muslims, were killed. In February 2002, 57 Hindu volunteers returning from Ayodhya were burnt alive when their train caught fire. Alleging that the fire was caused by Muslim attackers, anti-Muslim rioters throughout the state of Gujarat killed over 900 people and left 100,000 homeless. This led to accusations that the BJP-led Gujarat state government had not done enough to contain the riots, or arrest and prosecute the rioters.

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The ruling BJP-led coalition was defeated in a five-stage election held in April and May of 2004, and a Congress-led coalition, known as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), took power on May 22 with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister. The UPA's victory was attributed to dissatisfaction among poorer rural voters that the prosperity of the cities had not filtered down to them, and rejection of the BJP's Hindu nationalist agenda.

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The Congress-led UPA government has continued many of the BJP's foreign policies, particularly improving relations with the U.S. Prime Minister Singh and President Bush concluded a landmark U.S.-India strategic partnership framework agreement on July 18, 2005. In March 2006, President Bush visited India to further the many initiatives that underlie the new agreement. The strategic partnership is anchored by a historic civil nuclear cooperation initiative and includes cooperation in the fields of space, high-technology commerce, health issues, democracy promotion, agriculture, and trade and investment.

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==~~Bibliography~~==

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* Allan, J. T. Wolseley Haig, and H. H. Dodwell, ''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'' (1934) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=~~o&d=88816404 online edition]~~

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* Brown, Judith M. ''Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy'' (2nd ed. 1994) 464 pgs [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59677250 online edition]

* Cohen, Stephen P. ''India: Emerging Power'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815715013/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Daniélou, Alain. ''A Brief History of India'' (2003)

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* Habib, Irfan. ''Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps '' (1982).

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* James, Lawrence. ''Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India'' (1997) ISBN 0-316-64072-7 [http://www.amazon.com/Raj-Making-Unmaking-British-India/dp/0312263821/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&sr=1-1 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Keay, John. ''India: A History'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/India-History-John-Keay/dp/0802137970/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189741409&sr=8-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Kishore, Prem and Anuradha Kishore Ganpati. ''India: An Illustrated History'' (2003)

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* Kulke, Hermann and Dietmar Rothermund. ''A History of India.'' 4th ed. (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108019139 online edition from [[Questia]]]; [http://www.amazon.com/History-India-Hermann-Kulke/dp/0415154820/ref=pd_bbs_8/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189741409&sr=8-8 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Lal, Deepak. ''The Hindu Equilibrium: India C.1500 B.C.-2000 A.D.'' (2nd ed. 2005).

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* Majumdar, R. C. et al. ''An Advanced History of India'' London: Macmillan. 1960. ISBN 0-333-90298-X

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* Mcleod, John. ''The History of India'' (2002) 225pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-history-of-india-by-john-mcleod.jsp online edition]

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* Rawlinson, H. G. ''India: A Short Cultural History'' (1952) 454 pgs. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95582746 online edition]

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* Richards, John F. ''The Mughal Empire'' (The New Cambridge History of India) (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/Mughal-Empire-Cambridge-History-India/dp/0521566037/ref=sr_1_6/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189744829&sr=1-6 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Sardesai, D. R. ''India: The Definitive History'' (2007), 486pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0813343526/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Smith, Vincent. ''The Oxford History of India'' (1981), original edition 1915

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* Smith, Vincent. ''The Oxford student's history of India'' (1915) [http://www.archive.org/details/studentshistoryof00smitiala online edition]

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* Spear, Percival. ''The History of India'' Vol. 2 (1990)

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* Thapar, Romila. ''Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/History-India-Penguin/dp/0140138358/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189741409&sr=8-3 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Wolpert, Stanley. ''A New History of India'' (7th ed. 2003) 544pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0195166779/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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*Jackson, A.V. et al, eds. ''History of India'' (1906-1907)

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**''v.l. From the earliest times to the sixth century B.C.,'' by R.C. Dutt. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia01jackiala online edition]

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**''v.2. From the sixth century B.C. to the Mohammedan conquest,'' by V.A. Smith. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia02jackiala online edition]

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**''v.3. Mediaeval India from the Mohammedan conquest to the reign of Akbar the Great,'' by S. Lane-Poole. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia03jackiala online edition]

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**''v.4. From the reign of Akbar the Great to the fall of the Moghul empire,'' by S. Lane-Poole. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia04jackiala online edition]

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**''v.5. The Mohammedan period as described by its own historians,'' by Sir H.M. Elliot[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia05jackiala online edition]

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** ''v.6. From the first European settlements to the founding of the English East India Company,'' by Sir W.W. Hunter. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia06jackiala online edition]

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** ''v.7. The European struggle for Indian supremacy in the seventeenth century,'' by Sir W.W. Hunter. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia07jackiala online edition]

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**''v.8. From the close of the seventeenth century to the present time,'' by Sir. A.C. Lyall. [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia08jackiala online edition]

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**''v.9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental,'' by A.V.W. Jackson [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia09jackiala online edition]

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~~===Economic history===~~

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*Balachandran, G. ed. ''India and the World Economy, 1850-1950'' Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-567234-8.

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* Chaudhuri, K. N.''Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750'' (1985)

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* Das, Gurcharan. ''India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution from Independence to the Global Information Age'' (2002). [http://www.amazon.com/India-Unbound-Revolution-Independence-Information/dp/0385720742/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189744748&sr=1-1 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Dutt, Romesh. ''The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age'' (1908) [http://www.archive.org/details/TheEconomicHistoryOfIndiaInTheVictorianAge online edition]

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* Ludden, David, ed. ''New Cambridge History of India: An Agrarian History of South Asia'' (1999). [http://www.amazon.com/New-Cambridge-History-India-Agrarian/dp/0521364248/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189744790&sr=1-1 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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* Habib, Irfan. ''Agrarian System of Mughal India'' (1963, revised edition 1999).

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* Habib, Irfan. ''Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps '' (1982).

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* Habib, Irfan. ''Indian Economy, 1858-1914'' (2006).

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* Raychaudhuri, Tapan and Irfan Habib, eds. ''The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c. 1200-c. 1750'' (1982).

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* Kumar, Dharma and Meghnad Desai, eds. ''The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970'' (1983).

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* Tomlinson, B. R. et al.''The Economy of Modern India, 1860-1970'' (1996) (The New Cambridge History of India)

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* Larue, C. Steven. ''The India Handbook'' (1997) (Regional Handbooks of Economic Development).

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* Panagariya, Arvind. ''India: The Emerging Giant'' (2008) 544 pp., ISBN: 978-0-19-531503-5 The major recent history; for advanced readers. [http://www.amazon.com/India-Emerging-Giant-Arvind/dp/0195315030/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1222697254&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

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* Rothermund, Dietmar. ''An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991'' (1993)

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* Rudolph, Lloyd I. ''In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State'' (1987).

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* Roy, Tirthankar. ''The Economic History of India 1857-1947'' (2006). [http://www.amazon.com/Economic-History-1857-1947-Oxford-Textbooks/dp/0195684303/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1189744962&sr=1-1 excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]

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~~===Primary sources===~~

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*Jackson, A.V. et al, eds. ''History of India'' (1907) ''v.9. Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers, classic, oriental, and occidental,'' by A.V.W. Jackson [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofindia09jackiala online edition]

==References==

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[[Category:Asian Countries]]

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[[Category:India]]

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