Changes

The Soviet Union conducted an extensive and continuous espionage attack against the security institutions—political, economic, and scientific—of the United States from the time of Washington's diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the Roosevelt Administration. <ref>Felix Wittmer, [http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Claxton Printers, 1953, p. 15. </ref>  That attack continued not only during the time [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|the USSR was allied with Nazi Germany from 1939]] until it was [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked by Germany in 1941]], but during the war years 1941–1945 when the Soviet Union was one of America's main allies.  The main thrust was to give impetus to the Soviet drive for [[World Revolution]]; to increase the political power of  CPUSA, and to strengthen the Soviet economy by economic and scientific espionage.  A major instrument of Moscow's policy was the CPUSA.  

The Soviet Union conducted an extensive and continuous espionage attack against the security institutions—political, economic, and scientific—of the United States from the time of Washington's diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the Roosevelt Administration. <ref>Felix Wittmer, [http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Claxton Printers, 1953, p. 15. </ref>  That attack continued not only during the time [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|the USSR was allied with Nazi Germany from 1939]] until it was [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked by Germany in 1941]], but during the war years 1941–1945 when the Soviet Union was one of America's main allies.  The main thrust was to give impetus to the Soviet drive for [[World Revolution]]; to increase the political power of  CPUSA, and to strengthen the Soviet economy by economic and scientific espionage.  A major instrument of Moscow's policy was the CPUSA.  

The CPUSA was under heavyt attack by the U.S. government after 1947 and the start of the [[Cold War]].  After gaining control of many [[CIO]] locals and unions it was expelled from the CIO in 1948 and operated some small unions, such as the fur workers. It supported and gained control of the presidential campaign of [[Henry C. Wallace]] in 1948.

The CPUSA was under heavyt attack by the U.S. government after 1947 and the start of the [[Cold War]].  After gaining control of many [[CIO]] locals and unions it was expelled from the CIO in 1948 and operated some small unions, such as the fur workers. It supported and gained control of the presidential campaign of [[Henry A. Wallace]] in 1948.  After 1948 it was a hunted target but played no active role.

==Early years==

==Early years==

==Leadership==

==Leadership==

[[Earl Browder]] assumed party leadership after 1929 and actually dissolved the party in 1944, replacing it with the Communist Political Association. For this he was in turn expelled and [[William Z. Foster]] became head of the party. Foster published a 'new history' of America, which was highly praised in Moscow, translated into many languages and made a handbook of anti-American propaganda all over the world. Of it Browder wrote, "This extraordinary book interpreted the history of America from its discovery to the present, as an orgy of 'bloody banditry' and imperialism, enriching itself by 'drinking the rich red blood' of other peoples." Foster joined in the Thorez declaration of French Communist [[Maurice Thorez]] that said if the Soviet armies found it necessary to occupy all Western Europe, the working people would greet them as liberators; the only thing missing was a direct welcome to Soviet armies in America itself."  Foster was to lead the party until he retired in 1958 and was succeeded by Gus Hall.

[[Earl Browder]] assumed party leadership after 1929 and actually dissolved the party in 1944, replacing it with the Communist Political Association. For this he was in turn expelled and [[William Z. Foster]] became head of the party. Foster published a 'new history' of America, which was highly praised in Moscow, translated into many languages and made a handbook of anti-American propaganda all over the world. Of it Browder wrote, "This extraordinary book interpreted the history of America from its discovery to the present, as an orgy of 'bloody banditry' and imperialism, enriching itself by 'drinking the rich red blood' of other peoples." Foster joined in the Thorez declaration of French Communist [[Maurice Thorez]] that said if the Soviet armies found it necessary to occupy all Western Europe, the working people would greet them as liberators; the only thing missing was a direct welcome to Soviet armies in America itself."  Foster was to lead the party until he retired in 1958 and was succeeded by Gus Hall.

[[Whittaker Chambers]] testified that Sandor Goldberger AKA "Joseph Peters" who commonly wrote under the name J. Peters, a Comintern apparatchik who worked in the Fourth Department, a Comitern functionary, headed the party’s underground secret apparatus from 1932 to 1937 and pioneered its role as an auxiliary to Soviet intelligence activities. [[Bernard Schuster]], Organizational Secretary of the New York District of the CPUSA was the operational recruiter and conduit for members of the CPUSA into the ranks of the secret apparatus, or "Group A line". <ref>Hyde, ''Bernard Schuster and Joseph Katz </ref>

[[Louis Budenz]] started as a Communist and ended a leading an anti-Communist, beginning with his involvement in the Toledo, Ohio, Electric Auto-Lite strike of 1934. Although the intensity of Budenz's later opposition to communism during the McCarthy era made his former involvement in the CPUSA difficult to understand, his entry into the Party was the logical result of his involvement in the Auto-Lite strike. Intrigued by the idea of an "Americanized" socialism, Budenz's desire to assimilate leftism and nationalism spurred him to join the American Workers' Party (AWP) and, later, the Communist Party. Fervently patriotic, Budenz's interest in the CPUSA was based on the group's adoption of an approach that focused on the American experience. When the CPUSA realigned itself with Russia in 1945, Budenz left the organization. Following his departure, Budenz acted as an informant in the Red Scare, assisting the government in the condemnation of many of his former Communist sympathizers.<Ref> Roger Chapman, "Louis Francis Budenz's Journey from the Electric Auto-Lite Strike to the Communist Party and Beyond," ''Northwest Ohio Quarterly'' 2001 73(3-4): 118-141. 0029-3407 </ref>  

==Secret apparatus==

==Secret apparatus==