Changes

The Soviet Union conducted an extensive and continuous espionage attack against the security institutions—political, economic, and scientific—of the United States from the time of Washington's diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the Roosevelt Administration. <ref>Felix Wittmer, [http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Claxton Printers, 1953, p. 15. </ref>  That attack continued not only during the time [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|the USSR was allied with Nazi Germany from 1939]] until it was [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked by Germany in 1941]], but during the war years 1941–1945 when the Soviet Union was one of America's main allies.  The main thrust was to give impetus to the Soviet drive for [[World Revolution]]; to increase the political power of  CPUSA, and to strengthen the Soviet economy by economic and scientific espionage.  A major instrument of Moscow's policy was the CPUSA.  

The Soviet Union conducted an extensive and continuous espionage attack against the security institutions—political, economic, and scientific—of the United States from the time of Washington's diplomatic recognition of the USSR by the Roosevelt Administration. <ref>Felix Wittmer, [http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Claxton Printers, 1953, p. 15. </ref>  That attack continued not only during the time [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|the USSR was allied with Nazi Germany from 1939]] until it was [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked by Germany in 1941]], but during the war years 1941–1945 when the Soviet Union was one of America's main allies.  The main thrust was to give impetus to the Soviet drive for [[World Revolution]]; to increase the political power of  CPUSA, and to strengthen the Soviet economy by economic and scientific espionage.  A major instrument of Moscow's policy was the CPUSA.  

The CPUSA was under heavyt attack by the U.S. government after 1947 and the start of the [[Cold War]].  After gaining control of many [[CIO]] locals and unions it was expelled from the CIO in 1948 and operated some small unions, such as the fur workers. It supported and gained control of the presidential campaign of [[Henry A. Wallace]] in 1948.  After 1948 it was a hunted target but played no active role.

The CPUSA was under heavy attack by the U.S. government after 1947 and the start of the [[Cold War]].  After gaining control of many [[CIO]] locals and unions it was expelled from the CIO in 1948 and operated some small unions, such as the fur workers. It supported and gained control of the presidential campaign of [[Henry A. Wallace]] in 1948.  After 1948 it was a hunted target but played no active role.[[File:Brand.gif]]

==Early years==

==Early years==

During the early 1920s, the party apparatus was, to a great extent, underground. It reemerged in 1923 with a small legal above ground element, the [[Workers Party of America]]. As the [[Red Scare]] of 1919 and deportations of the early 1920s ebbed, the party became bolder and more open. An element of the party, however, remained permanently underground. It was through this underground party, often commanded by a Soviet official operating as an illegal in the United States, that Soviet intelligence was able to co-opt CPUSA members. <ref>"The COMINTERN (Communist International) was a Soviet-controlled organization that conducted liaison with the national Communist parties of various countries, including the United States, in order to further the cause of revolution. Moscow issued guidance, support, and orders to the parties through the apparatus of the COMINTERN."  [http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00036.pdf ''The Venona Story''], Robert L. Benson, Ft. George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, [n.d.].</ref><ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America#Secret_apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. <br>

During the early 1920s, the party apparatus was, to a great extent, underground. It reemerged in 1923 with a small legal above ground element, the [[Workers Party of America]]. As the [[Red Scare]] of 1919 and deportations of the early 1920s ebbed, the party became bolder and more open. An element of the party, however, remained permanently underground. It was through this underground party, often commanded by a Soviet official operating as an illegal in the United States, that Soviet intelligence was able to co-opt CPUSA members. <ref>"The COMINTERN (Communist International) was a Soviet-controlled organization that conducted liaison with the national Communist parties of various countries, including the United States, in order to further the cause of revolution. Moscow issued guidance, support, and orders to the parties through the apparatus of the COMINTERN."  [http://www.nsa.gov/publications/publi00036.pdf ''The Venona Story''], Robert L. Benson, Ft. George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, [n.d.].</ref><ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00008.cfm Venona 142(a) Moscow to Canberra 12 September 1943]. Text reads: "change in circumstances - and in particular the dissolution of the [[Comintern]] - necessitates a change in the method used by the workers of our residencies to keep in touch with the leaders of the local [[Communist_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America#Secret_apparatus|Communist]] organizations on intelligence matters. <br>

2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause [''orgs of''] local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. <br>

2. Our workers, by continuing to meet the leader of the Communists, are exposing themselves to danger and are giving cause local authorities to suspect that the Comintern is still in existence. <br>

3. We propose: <br>

3. We propose: <br>

a. That personal contact with leaders of the local Communist organizations should cease and that Communist material should not be accepted for forwarding to the Comintern. <br>

a. That personal contact with leaders of the local Communist organizations should cease and that Communist material should not be accepted for forwarding to the Comintern. <br>

of the Commumist Party...." <ref>Benjamin Gitlow, ''I Confess'', New York: E P. Dutton, lnc., 1940, pgs. 485-486.</ref>

of the Commumist Party...." <ref>Benjamin Gitlow, ''I Confess'', New York: E P. Dutton, lnc., 1940, pgs. 485-486.</ref>

 

==American Labor Party==

==American Labor Party==

In the "Findings and declarations of fact" of the [[United States Congress]] in the [[Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950]], in 50 [[U.S. Code]] Chapter 23 Subchapter IV Sec. 841, that,

In the "Findings and declarations of fact" of the [[United States Congress]] in the [[Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950]], in 50 [[U.S. Code]] Chapter 23 Subchapter IV Sec. 841, that,

:"The Congress finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States...the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders...members of the Communist Party are recruited for indoctrination with respect to its objectives and methods, and are organized, instructed, and disciplined to carry into action slavishly the assignments given them...the Communist Party acknowledges no constitutional or statutory limitations upon its conduct...gives scant indication of capacity ever to attain its ends by lawful political means. The peril inherent in its operation arises not from its numbers, but from its failure to acknowledge any limitation as to the nature of its activities, and its dedication to the proposition that the present constitutional Government of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available means, including resort to force and violence. Holding that doctrine, its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means whereby individuals are seduced into the service of the world Communist movement, trained to do its bidding, and directed and controlled in the conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services.[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00000841----000-.html]

:"The Congress finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States...the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders...members of the Communist Party are recruited for indoctrination with respect to its objectives and methods, and are organized, instructed, and disciplined to carry into action slavishly the assignments given them....Its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means whereby individuals are seduced into the service of the world Communist movement, trained to do its bidding, and directed and controlled in the conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services.[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00000841----000-.html]

 

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Alexander, Robert J. ''The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s.'' (1981). 342 pp.

* Alexander, Robert J. ''The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s.'' (1981). 342 pp.