Changes

==Early Career==

==Early Career==

[[Image:Wallstreetbmb.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Wall Street bombing, 1920, attributed to Galleanists. ''World-Telegram Photo'']][[Sacco and Vanzetti]] had been members of a [[terrorist]]<ref>According to Charles Poggi, Frank Maffi said the 1920 Wall Street bombing was the work of his uncle, a Galleanist named Mario Buda. (Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8z8mdUYp-6gC Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]'' [Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005] ISBN 1904859275, p. 133)</ref> group known as the Galleanists,<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691026041, pp. 59-60; Annie Anderson, "[http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3100/the_lessons_of_sacco_and_vanzetti/ The Lessons of Sacco and Vanzetti]," ''In These Times'', March 27, 2007</ref> which was responsible for the May Day 1919 attempted bombing of a number of public figures,<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691026041, p. 146; Paul Berman, "[http://www.slate.com/id/3135/ The Refractory Ones: Sacco, Vanzetti, and Timothy McVeigh]," Slate.com, August 20, 1997</ref> including [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes]].<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691026041, p. 143; "[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9406E3D61238EE32A25752C0A9639C946896D6CF 36 Were Marked as Victims by Bomb Conspirers]," ''The New York Times'', May 1, 1919, p. 1; [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=438 The Postwar Red Scare], Digital History (University of Houston)</ref> Ironically, when Hiss graduated from law school in 1929, [[Felix Frankfurter|Frankfurter]] got him the [[covet|coveted]]<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811892.html The Case of Alger Hiss]," ''Time'', February 13, 1950</ref> job of law clerk to Holmes.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,888531,00.html Your Witness, Mr. Murphy]," ''Time,'' July 4, 1949.</ref> Influential as Frankfurter was, Hiss said he was probably even more influenced by Holmes,<ref>[http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/daynight.html James Day interview with Alger Hiss] for ''[http://www.cuny.tv/series/dayatnight/listen.lasso?year=1974 Day at Night]'' (CUNY-TV), 1974</ref> whom Hiss admired as "a [[skeptic]] of the first order" who "denied the [[existence]] of [[God]]."<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0030137764, p. 58</ref>

[[Image:Wallstreetbmb.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Wall Street bombing, 1920, attributed to Galleanists. ''World-Telegram Photo'']][[Sacco and Vanzetti]] had been members of a [[terrorist]]<ref>According to Charles Poggi, Frank Maffi said the 1920 Wall Street bombing was the work of his uncle, a Galleanist named Mario Buda. (Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8z8mdUYp-6gC Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America]'' [Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2005] ISBN 1904859275, p. 133)</ref> group known as the Galleanists,<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691026041, pp. 59-60; Annie Anderson, "[http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3100/the_lessons_of_sacco_and_vanzetti/ The Lessons of Sacco and Vanzetti]," ''In These Times'', March 27, 2007</ref> which was responsible for the May Day 1919 attempted bombing of a number of public figures,<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691026041, p. 146; Paul Berman, "[http://www.slate.com/id/3135/ The Refractory Ones: Sacco, Vanzetti, and Timothy McVeigh]," Slate.com, August 20, 1997</ref> including [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes]].<ref>Paul Avrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lm0SCspDOjQC Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background]'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691026041, p. 143; "[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9406E3D61238EE32A25752C0A9639C946896D6CF 36 Were Marked as Victims by Bomb Conspirers]," ''The New York Times'', May 1, 1919, p. 1; [http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=438 The Postwar Red Scare], Digital History (University of Houston)</ref> Ironically, when Hiss graduated from law school in 1929, [[Felix Frankfurter|Frankfurter]] got him the [[covet|coveted]]<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811892.html The Case of Alger Hiss]," ''Time'', February 13, 1950</ref> job of law clerk to Holmes.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,888531,00.html Your Witness, Mr. Murphy]," ''Time,'' July 4, 1949.</ref> Influential as Frankfurter was, Hiss said he was probably even more influenced by Holmes,<ref>[http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/daynight.html James Day interview with Alger Hiss] for ''[http://www.cuny.tv/series/dayatnight/listen.lasso?year=1974 Day at Night]'' (CUNY-TV), 1974</ref> whom Hiss admired as "a [[skeptic]] of the first order" who "denied the [[existence]] of [[God]]."<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0030137764, p. 58. It has been suggested that Hiss himself was an atheist. (Michael Knox Beran, "[http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1374/article_detail.asp To Be As Gods]," ''Claremont Review of Books'', Fall 2004)</ref>

The same year, Hiss [[marriage|married]] the former Mrs. Priscilla Fansler Hobson, a supporter of perennial [[Socialist]] Party [[presidential]] [[nominee]] [[Norman Thomas]].<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), ISBN 0394495462, p. 457</ref> Hiss had had met her on a transatlantic cruise when he was nineteen,<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 11</ref> but since then she'd had a [[marriage]], a [[Mexican]] [[divorce]],<ref>[http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00092 Meyer Zeligs Papers] (October 13, 1963), Harvard Law School Library Special Collections, cited in Ivan Chen, [http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ivan_chen Alger Hiss, 1926-1929], p. 31</ref> a pregnancy by a married man and an [[abortion]].<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, pp. 158-159</ref>

In violation of a condition of this employment,<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 24</ref> Hiss [[marriage|married]] the former Mrs. Priscilla Fansler Hobson, a supporter of perennial [[Socialist]] Party [[presidential]] [[nominee]] [[Norman Thomas]].<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), ISBN 0394495462, p. 457</ref> Hiss had had met her on a transatlantic cruise when he was nineteen,<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 11</ref> but since then she'd had a [[marriage]], a [[Mexican]] [[divorce]],<ref>[http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00092 Meyer Zeligs Papers] (October 13, 1963), Harvard Law School Library Special Collections, cited in Ivan Chen, [http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ivan_chen Alger Hiss, 1926-1929], p. 31</ref> a pregnancy by a married man and an [[abortion]].<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, pp. 158-159</ref> Hiss went on to prestigious<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521857384), p. 97</ref> law firms in [[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]].

[[Image:American-cities-125.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bombing of the Federal building, Chicago, moments after 93 Wobblies were convicted there, 1918. ''Photo courtesy National Archives and Records Administration'']]Hiss went on to prestigious<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521857384), p. 97</ref> law firms in [[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]] where, by 1932, his [[wife]] Priscilla had registered as a member of the [[Socialist]] Party.<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 27; Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hisschronology.html The Trials of Alger Hiss: A Chronology], Famous Trials: The Alger Hiss Trials, 1949-50 (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 2003); Denise Noe, "[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/spies/hiss/9.html The Alger Hiss Case]," TruTV Crime Library</ref> By then, Priscilla Hiss was an active member of American Labor Associates, and Hiss was becoming "[[radical|radicalized]],"<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hisschronology.html The Trials of Alger Hiss: A Chronology], Famous Trials: The Alger Hiss Trials, 1949-50 (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 2003)</ref> joining (together with [[Lee Pressman|Pressman]])<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 27</ref> the International Juridical Association (IJA), which "consistently followed the [[Communist Party]] line."<ref>"[http://ia360638.us.archive.org/2/items/reportonnational1950unit/reportonnational1950unit.pdf Report on the National Lawyers Guild, legal bulwark of the Communist Party]," United States Congress. House Committee on Un-American Activities (1950), p. 12</ref>

[[Image:American-cities-125.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Bombing of the Federal building, Chicago, moments after 93 Wobblies were convicted there, 1918. ''Photo courtesy National Archives and Records Administration'']]By 1932, Priscilla Hiss had registered as a member of the [[Socialist]] Party,<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 27; Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hisschronology.html The Trials of Alger Hiss: A Chronology], Famous Trials: The Alger Hiss Trials, 1949-50 (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 2003); Denise Noe, "[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/spies/hiss/9.html The Alger Hiss Case]," TruTV Crime Library</ref> and was an active member of American Labor Associates. Alger was becoming "[[radical|radicalized]],"<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hisschronology.html The Trials of Alger Hiss: A Chronology], Famous Trials: The Alger Hiss Trials, 1949-50 (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 2003)</ref> joining (together with [[Lee Pressman|Pressman]])<ref>G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 27</ref> the International Juridical Association (IJA), which "consistently followed the [[Communist Party]] line."<ref>"[http://ia360638.us.archive.org/2/items/reportonnational1950unit/reportonnational1950unit.pdf Report on the National Lawyers Guild, legal bulwark of the Communist Party]," United States Congress. House Committee on Un-American Activities (1950), p. 12</ref>

During this period, Hiss' letters to his wife reflected his increasing [[radical|radicalism]]. In 1930, he made a coy reference to the [[terrorist]]<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9502E2DB1439E13ABC4D53DFBF668383609EDE I.W.W. Bomb Kills Four in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', September 5, 1918. Immediately following the conviction and sentencing of 93 Wobbies (including Haywood) at the Chicago Federal Building in 1918, a bomb ripped through the building. (Charles Howard McCormick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vcvhrdr6drgC Hopeless Cases: The Hunt for the Red Scare Terrorist Bombers]'' [Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005] ISBN 0761831320, pp. 31-31</ref> [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (whose leader, "Big Bill" Haywood, had fled the [[U.S.]] for [[Moscow]] where he became a trusted advisor to the [[Bolshevik]] government),<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_BHAY.HTM William D. Haywood], Famous Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City)</ref> writing to Priscilla, "[D]id thee call thyself a [[Industrial Workers of the World|Wobbly]] with an [[Industrial Workers of the World|I.W.W.]] tongue in thy [[socialist|socialistic]] (I couldn't bring myself to write '[[Communist|Communistic]]') cheek." Suggesting that an article questioning the [[legitimacy]] of the existing “[[capitalist]] order”<ref>Archibald MacLeish, “To the Young Men of Wall Street,” ''Saturday Review'', January 16, 1932</ref> did not go far enough, Hiss wrote to Priscilla in 1932, “Has thee seen Archibald MacLeish's<ref>MacLeish was a noted [[fellow traveller]]. (David Caute, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zZ6YqBm3O2wC The Fellow-Travellers: Intellectual Friends of Communism]'' [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988] ISBN 0300041950, p. 185) The [[OSS]] recorder assigned to document the the drafting of the [http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml UN Charter] (over which Hiss presided), would later say MacLeish "[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unationsday/docs/lindquist19april90.pdf kicked me out]" of the session. Following the [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,799590,00.html death] of [[Laurence Duggan]]&mdash;ten days after Duggan implicated [[Henry Collins|Collins]] and [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], and five days after Hiss' indictment by a grand jury&mdash;MacLeish, a former Librarian of Congress, would dedicate a [http://books.google.com/books?id=KI0ESFOvi5QC&pg=PA403&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0 poem] to the late [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/18nov_lawrence_duggan.pdf Soviet agent], denouncing "informers" (apparently [[Hede Massing]] and [[Whittaker Chambers]], each of whom had identified Duggan) as liars.</ref> article on [[capitalism]] in last week's ''Saturday Review''? [[Felix Frankfurter|Felix]] says it is soft thinking after Wilson.”<ref>Tony Hiss, ''The View From Alger's Window'' (New York: Vintage Books, 2000) ISBN 0375701281, pp. 140-141. The reference is to Edmund Wilson, then an editor at ''The New Republic'' who embraced Marxism and welcomed the stock market crash of 1929 as a portent of the death of capitalism. In 1932 he voted for Communist Party presidential candidate William Z. Foster and signed a manifesto calling for "a temporary dictatorship of the class-conscious workers." (Alex Ross, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/24/030324crat_atlarge Ghost Sonata: Edmund Wilson’s adventure with Communism]," ''The New Yorker'', March 24, 2003)</ref>

During this period, Hiss' letters to his wife reflected his increasing [[radical|radicalism]]. In 1930, he made a coy reference to the [[terrorist]]<ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9502E2DB1439E13ABC4D53DFBF668383609EDE I.W.W. Bomb Kills Four in Chicago]," ''The New York Times'', September 5, 1918. Immediately following the conviction and sentencing of 93 Wobbies (including Haywood) at the Chicago Federal Building in 1918, a bomb ripped through the building. (Charles Howard McCormick, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vcvhrdr6drgC Hopeless Cases: The Hunt for the Red Scare Terrorist Bombers]'' [Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2005] ISBN 0761831320, pp. 31-31</ref> [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (whose leader, "Big Bill" Haywood, had fled the [[U.S.]] for [[Moscow]] where he became a trusted advisor to the [[Bolshevik]] government),<ref>Douglas Linder, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_BHAY.HTM William D. Haywood], Famous Trials (University of Missouri-Kansas City)</ref> writing to Priscilla, "[D]id thee call thyself a [[Industrial Workers of the World|Wobbly]] with an [[Industrial Workers of the World|I.W.W.]] tongue in thy [[socialist|socialistic]] (I couldn't bring myself to write '[[Communist|Communistic]]') cheek." Suggesting that an article questioning the [[legitimacy]] of the existing “[[capitalist]] order”<ref>Archibald MacLeish, “To the Young Men of Wall Street,” ''Saturday Review'', January 16, 1932</ref> did not go far enough, Hiss wrote to Priscilla in 1932, “Has thee seen Archibald MacLeish's<ref>MacLeish was a noted [[fellow traveller]]. (David Caute, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zZ6YqBm3O2wC The Fellow-Travellers: Intellectual Friends of Communism]'' [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988] ISBN 0300041950, p. 185) The [[OSS]] recorder assigned to document the the drafting of the [http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml UN Charter] (over which Hiss presided), would later say MacLeish "[http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unationsday/docs/lindquist19april90.pdf kicked me out]" of the session. Following the [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,799590,00.html death] of [[Laurence Duggan]]&mdash;ten days after Duggan implicated [[Henry Collins|Collins]] and [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], and five days after Hiss' indictment by a grand jury&mdash;MacLeish, a former Librarian of Congress, would dedicate a [http://books.google.com/books?id=KI0ESFOvi5QC&pg=PA403&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0 poem] to the late [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/18nov_lawrence_duggan.pdf Soviet agent], denouncing "informers" (apparently [[Hede Massing]] and [[Whittaker Chambers]], each of whom had identified Duggan) as liars.</ref> article on [[capitalism]] in last week's ''Saturday Review''? [[Felix Frankfurter|Felix]] says it is soft thinking after Wilson.”<ref>Tony Hiss, ''The View From Alger's Window'' (New York: Vintage Books, 2000) ISBN 0375701281, pp. 140-141. The reference is to Edmund Wilson, then an editor at ''The New Republic'' who embraced Marxism and welcomed the stock market crash of 1929 as a portent of the death of capitalism. In 1932 he voted for Communist Party presidential candidate William Z. Foster and signed a manifesto calling for "a temporary dictatorship of the class-conscious workers." (Alex Ross, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/24/030324crat_atlarge Ghost Sonata: Edmund Wilson’s adventure with Communism]," ''The New Yorker'', March 24, 2003)</ref>