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Line 36:
Line 36: − * [[James G. Blaine]] + + +
→Late 19th Century
==Late 19th Century==
==Late 19th Century==
In 1889 GOP President [[Benjamin Harrison]] appointed party leader [[James G. Blaine]] as Secretary of State. During three years of service in this office, helped open the nation's engagement with the outside world.<ref>A. T. Volwiler, "Harrison, Blaine, and American Foreign Policy, 1889-1893," ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,'' Vol. 79, No. 4 (Nov. 15, 1938), pp. 637-648 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/984943 in JSTOR]; Robert L. Beisner, ''From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865—1900.'' (2d ed., 1986); Edward P. Crapol, ''James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire.'' (2000); David Healy, ''James G. Blaine and Latin America'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109808323 online edition]
</ref> Blaine focused on relations with Latin-American and Britain. He pushed for an canal across Panama, built, operated, and controlled by the United States; he secured Congressional legislation resulting in the Pan-American Conference which met in Washington in October, 1889. Blaine's set up the Bureau of American Republics in Washington.<ref> Healy (2001)</ref> As an early environmentalist he used diplomacy to protect the seal herds in the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.<ref>Charles S. Campbell, Jr., "The Anglo-American Crisis in the Bering Sea, 1890-1891." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 1961 48(3): 393-414. Issn: 0161-391x Fulltext: in Jstor </ref> He tried to annex Hawaii (which almost succeeded in early 1893, but was postponed to 1898). Indeed, the permanent influence of Blaine on American life was through his foreign policy. Although Blaine concluded tariff reciprocity agreements with eight Latin American nations, reciprocity negotiations with Canada stalled in 1891-92. Harrison and Blaine feared a political backlash from American farmers and lumbermen if concessions were made to Canada. Blaine's Anglophobia also influenced the outcome of the negotiations, and Canada's negotiators to the end resisted the inclusion of reciprocity on manufactured articles in any treaty.<ref> Allan B. Spetter, "Harrison and Blaine: No Reciprocity for Canada." ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' 1981 12(2): 143-156. Issn: 0007-7720 </ref> The two most important reciprocity agreements were signed with Brazil and with Spain for Cuba and Puerto Rico.
==1898-1945==
==1898-1945==
===Wilson===
===Wilson===