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'''Taverns''', (also called '''Saloons''', '''Bars''' or '''Inns''' or (in England and Australia, '''public houses''' and '''pubs''') serving food, beer and rum, performed a major social and communications role in many countries over the last 500 years.
'''Taverns''', (also called '''Saloons''', '''Bars''' or '''Inns''' or (in England and Australia, '''public houses''' and '''pubs''') serving food, beer and rum, performed a major social and communications role in many countries over the last 500 years.
[[File:Tavern.jpg|thumb|380px]]
==North America==
==North America==
Americans drank heavily, for rum was cheap. In 1770 per capita consumption was 3.7 gallons of distilled spirits per year, or approximately seven shots a day, with the men consuming most of the quote for women and children. That 3.7 gallons does not include the beer or hard cider that colonists routinely drank in addition to rum, the most popular distilled beverage available in English America. Benjamin Franklin printed a "Drinker's Dictionary" in his ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' in 1737, listing some 228 slang terms used for drunkenness in Philadelphia.
Americans drank heavily, for rum was cheap. In 1770 per capita consumption was 3.7 gallons of distilled spirits per year, or approximately seven shots a day, with the men consuming most of the quote for women and children. That 3.7 gallons does not include the beer or hard cider that colonists routinely drank in addition to rum, the most popular distilled beverage available in English America. Benjamin Franklin printed a "Drinker's Dictionary" in his ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' in 1737, listing some 228 slang terms used for drunkenness in Philadelphia.
* Blocker, Jack S. ed. ''Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia'' (2 vol 2003)
* Blocker, Jack S. ed. ''Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia'' (2 vol 2003)
* Cherrington, Ernest, ed., ''Standard Encyclopaedia of the Alcohol Problem'' 6 volumes (1925-1930), comprehensive international coverage to late 1920s
* Cherrington, Ernest, ed., ''Standard Encyclopaedia of the Alcohol Problem'' 6 volumes (1925-1930), comprehensive international coverage to late 1920s
* Heath, Dwight B. ''International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture'' (1995) [http://www.questia.com/read/15381887?title=International%20Handbook%20on%20Alcohol%20and%20Culture online edition], 27 countries in late 20th century
===Europe===
* Brennan, Thomas. ''Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth Century Paris'' (1988),
* Clark, Peter. ''The English Alehouse: A Social History, 1200-1800'' (1983).
* Clark, Peter. ''The English Alehouse: A Social History, 1200-1800'' (1983).
===North American===
===North American===
* Conroy, David W. ''In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts'' (1995)
* Conroy, David W. ''In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts'' (1995)
* Mancall, Peter C. "'The Art Of Getting Drunk' in Colonial Massachusetts." ''Reviews in American History'' 1996 24(3): 383-388. 0048-7511 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Mancall, Peter C. "'The Art Of Getting Drunk' in Colonial Massachusetts." ''Reviews in American History'' 1996 24(3): 383-388. 0048-7511 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Meacham, Sarah Hand. "Keeping the Trade: The Persistence of Tavernkeeping among Middling Women in Colonial Virginia," ''Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal,'' Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2005, pp. 140-163 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Meacham, Sarah Hand. "Keeping the Trade: The Persistence of Tavernkeeping among Middling Women in Colonial Virginia," ''Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal,'' Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2005, pp. 140-163 in [[Project MUSE]]
* Murphy, Kevin C. "Public Virtue, Public Vices: On Republicanism and the Tavern" (thesis Columbia University 2009) [http://www.kevincmurphy.com/RepublicanTavern.htm online edition]
* Powers, Madelon. ''Faces along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman's Saloon, 1870–1920'' (1998)
* Powers, Madelon. ''Faces along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman's Saloon, 1870–1920'' (1998)
* Rice, Kim. ''Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers'' (1983),
* Rice, Kim. ''Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers'' (1983),