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==History==
==History==
Before white settlement, South Australia was occupied by [[Australian Aborigines|Aborigines]], whose ancestors are believed to have arrived around 40 000 years ago. The specific groups included the ''Kaurna'' on the Adelaide Plains, ''Peramank'' in the Mount Lofty Ranges, ''Ngarrinjeri'' around the [[Murray River]] and Coorong and ''Pitjantjantjara'' in the far north of the state.
Before white settlement, South Australia was occupied by [[Australian Aborigines|Aborigines]], whose ancestors are believed to have arrived around 40 000 years ago. The specific groups included the ''Kaurna'' on the Adelaide Plains, ''Peramank'' in the Mount Lofty Ranges, ''Ngarrinjeri'' around the [[Murray River]] and Coorong and ''Pitjantjantjara'' in the far north of the state.
===19th century===
South Australia was settled as a planned British colony in 1836. It is the only state of Australia to never have received convicts transported from Great Britain. Settlement started in the capital city, [[Adelaide]] and gradually moved out to the rest of the state.
South Australia was settled as a planned British colony in 1836. It is the only state of Australia to never have received convicts transported from Great Britain. Settlement started in the capital city, [[Adelaide]] and gradually moved out to the rest of the state.
Exploration began before settlement with [[Charles Sturt]]'s expedition down the [[Murray River]] in 1830 and [[Matthew Flinders]]' and [[Nicolas Baudin]]'s expeditions exploring the coastline, both in 1802. Flinders and Baudin met in what is now known as Encounter Bay, and many coastal features have French names given by Baudin.
Exploration began before settlement with [[Charles Sturt]]'s expedition down the [[Murray River]] in 1830 and [[Matthew Flinders]]' and [[Nicolas Baudin]]'s expeditions exploring the coastline, both in 1802. Flinders and Baudin met in what is now known as Encounter Bay, and many coastal features have French names given by Baudin.
[[File:Adelaide2.jpg|thumb|390px|South Australia paid travel for immigrants and gave out free land; 1878 announcement]]
[[File:Adelaide2.jpg|thumb|390px|South Australia paid travel for immigrants and gave out free land; 1878 announcement]]
Both entrepreneurs and laborers were recruited in Britain, but the respectability required of all was distinctly that of the middle class. The society that recruiters described was the one the middle class would have liked to create rather than the actual state of affairs. The record shows that church attendance in the town was fairly low and that more public houses than churches operated. Drunken and disorderly behavior persisted but never became a major problem. Colonial officials licensed both producers and purveyors of alcohol, both to prevent illegal and unregulated trade and for the tax revenue it generated.<ref> Daryl Adair, "Respectable, Sober, and Industrious? Attitudes to Alcohol in Early Colonial Adelaide," ''Labour History'' [Australia] 1996 (70): 131-155. </ref>
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Adelaide typified New Urban Frontier cities of the American West and Australasia in which high average worker incomes and effective public transport enabled most of the population to live in a suburban setting. Comparison of infant mortality rates in the city of Adelaide, Unley, and Port Adelaide, however, reveals that suburban living did not guarantee healthy infants. "Black spots" with high infant mortality rates existed near similar pockets of streets with older, higher-density housing that experienced lower infant death rates. Socioeconomic status, mother's education, and family size had more impact on levels of infant mortality than did the external physical environment. Levels of crowding and cleanliness within individual homes also affected infant death rates.<ref> Philippa Mein Smith and Lionel Frost, "Suburbia and Infant Death in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Adelaide." ''Urban History'' 1994 21(2): 251-272. </ref>
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Adelaide typified New Urban Frontier cities of the American West and Australasia in which high average worker incomes and effective public transport enabled most of the population to live in a suburban setting. Comparison of infant mortality rates in the city of Adelaide, Unley, and Port Adelaide, however, reveals that suburban living did not guarantee healthy infants. "Black spots" with high infant mortality rates existed near similar pockets of streets with older, higher-density housing that experienced lower infant death rates. Socioeconomic status, mother's education, and family size had more impact on levels of infant mortality than did the external physical environment. Levels of crowding and cleanliness within individual homes also affected infant death rates.<ref> Philippa Mein Smith and Lionel Frost, "Suburbia and Infant Death in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Adelaide." ''Urban History'' 1994 21(2): 251-272. </ref>