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===The Pumpkin Papers===

===The Pumpkin Papers===

[[Image:09905 2004 001 a.jpg|thumb|300px|right|One of the 'pumpkin papers,' marked 'STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL FOR THE SECRETARY.' Bullitt relates to Hull report of Litvinov's private comments on Soviet intentions regarding war with Japan, 1938. ''Image courtesy [http://www.digitalvaults.org/#/detail/1625/?record=1625 National Archives and Records Administration]'']]

[[Image:09905 2004 001 a.jpg|thumb|300px|right|One of the 'pumpkin papers,' marked 'STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL FOR THE SECRETARY.' Bullitt relates to Hull report of Litvinov's private comments on Soviet intentions regarding war with Japan, 1938. ''Image courtesy [http://www.digitalvaults.org/#/detail/1625/?record=1625 National Archives and Records Administration]'']]

On December 2, in response to a subpoena, Chambers led HUAC investigators on his Maryland farm to a pumpkin he had hollowed out the night before and in which he had secreted five rolls (two developed strips and three undeveloped rolls, one of which later proved to have been lightstruck)<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissappellate.html ''United States v Alger Hiss'', 185 F. 2d 822] (Second Circuit Court of Appeals, December 7, 1950)</ref> of 35 milimeter film.<ref>“[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917670,00.html The Pumpkin Papers], ''Time'', August 11, 1975</ref> The film included fifty-eight frames, mostly photos of State and Navy Department documents, dated January 5 through April 1, 1938 (the so-called "Pumpkin Papers"). The State Department documents dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including U.S. intentions with respect to the Soviet Union, the Spanish Civil War, and Germany's takeover of Austria.<ref>Doulglas O. Linder, “[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/pumpkinp.html The Pumpkin Papers: Key Evidence in the Alger Hiss Trials],” Famous Trials: The Alger Hiss Trials, 1949-50 (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)</ref> Some of the documents on the film were initialed by Hiss and came from his office.<ref>"[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 Reply by Allen Weinstein, The Hiss Case: An Exchange,"] ''The New York Review of Books,'' Volume 23, Number 9 (May 27, 1976)</ref> Some were of a highly sensitive, classified nature.<ref>Denise Noe, “[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/spies/hiss/7.html The Pumpkin Papers],” The Alger Hiss Case, TruTV Crime Library</ref> Some State Department cables bearing Hiss' handwritten initials had direct bearing on matters of major Soviet interest, including Chinese Communist strategy during the war with Japan and Chinese-Soviet relations.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521857384), p. 116</ref>

On December 2, in response to a subpoena, Chambers led HUAC investigators on his Maryland farm to a pumpkin he had hollowed out the night before and in which he had secreted five rolls (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917670,00.html two developed strips and three undeveloped rolls, one of which later proved to [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissappellate.html have been light struck]) of [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917670,00.html 35 millimeter film]. The film included fifty-eight frames, mostly photos of State and Navy Department documents, dated January 5 through April 1, 1938 (the so-called "Pumpkin Papers"). The State Department documents dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/pumpkinp.html U.S. intentions with respect to the Soviet Union], the Spanish Civil War, and Germany's takeover of Austria. Some of the documents on the film were [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 initialed by Hiss and came from his office]. Some were of a [[http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/spies/hiss/7.html highly sensitive, classified nature]. Some State Department cables bearing Hiss' handwritten initials had direct bearing on matters of major Soviet interest, including Chinese Communist strategy during the war with Japan and Chinese-Soviet relations.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pNwEyL1b6XQC Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics]'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006) ISBN 0521857384), p. 116</ref>

According to Chambers, some of the microfilm was made by a contact he knew only as "Felix," who would photograph documents with a Leica purchased by the Communist underground. For such work, said Chambers, Felix had been trained in Moscow, where he traveled on a forged U.S. passport. In 1949 Chambers would lead FBI investigators to the Baltimore block in which he thought Felix had lived in the 1930s. The Bureau discovered that a Felix Inslerman had lived on the block, later moving to Schenectady, N.Y., where he worked on a secret guided-missile project, in 1946 becoming one of the few civilians to attend the atomic tests at Bikini.

According to Chambers, some of the microfilm was made by a contact he knew only as "Felix," who would photograph documents with a Leica purchased by the Communist underground. For such work, said Chambers, Felix had been trained in Moscow, where he traveled on a forged U.S. passport. In 1949 Chambers would lead FBI investigators to the Baltimore block in which he thought Felix had lived in the 1930s. The Bureau discovered that a Felix Inslerman had lived on the block, later moving to Schenectady, N.Y., where he worked on a secret guided-missile project, in 1946 becoming one of the few civilians to attend the atomic tests at Bikini.

Both before the grand jury and in the second Hiss trial, Inslerman would refuse to answer questions on grounds of potential self-incrimination. But in Inslerman's Schenectady home, the FBI found a Leica whose imperfections matched the scratch marks on Chambers' famed pumpkin film. In 1954, Inslerman would corroborate Chambers' story [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,819479,00.html under oath]. Recently released files reveal that ex-[[GRU]] agent<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=M8p00bTFvRkC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America],'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 166</ref> William Edward Crane also admitted to the FBI that he photographed documents from the Treasury and State Department for Chambers in Baltimore.<ref>Reply by Allen Weinstein, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 The Hiss Case: An Exchange]," ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 23, No. 9 (May 27, 1976)</ref> (The third photographer identified by Chambers, "David Carpenter," would turn up on the "Gorsky memo.")<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 30</ref>

Both before the grand jury and in the second Hiss trial, Inslerman would refuse to answer questions on grounds of potential self-incrimination. But in Inslerman's Schenectady home, the FBI found a Leica whose imperfections matched the scratch marks on Chambers' famed pumpkin film. In 1954, Inslerman would corroborate Chambers' story [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,819479,00.html under oath]. Recently released files reveal that ex-[[GRU]] agent<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=M8p00bTFvRkC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America],'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 166</ref> William Edward Crane also [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 admitted to the FBI] that he photographed documents from the Treasury and State Department for Chambers in Baltimore. (The third photographer identified by Chambers, "David Carpenter," would turn up on the "[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-hoac&month=0503&week=b&msg=ycrsVT7M1e2L9EECiLFskg&user=&pw= Gorsky memo].")<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 30</ref>

The day Chambers revealed the "pumpkin papers," on an FBI memorandum detailing the perjury investigation of Chambers ordered by Truman Justice, Hoover penned, "I can't understand why such effort is being made to indict Chambers to the exclusion of Hiss."<ref>FBI memorandum: Fletcher to Ladd, December 2, 1948 (FBI file: Hiss-Chambers, Vol. 2)</ref> As late as December 6, Truman Justice was still contemplating "bringing an indictment against Chambers for perjury."<ref>FBI memorandum: Fletcher to Ladd, December 6, 1948 (FBI file: Hiss-Chambers, Vol. 2)</ref>

The day Chambers revealed the "pumpkin papers," on an FBI memorandum detailing the perjury investigation of Chambers ordered by Truman Justice, Hoover penned, "I can't understand why such effort is being made to indict Chambers to the exclusion of Hiss."<ref>FBI memorandum: Fletcher to Ladd, December 2, 1948 (FBI file: Hiss-Chambers, Vol. 2)</ref> As late as December 6, Truman Justice was still contemplating "bringing an indictment against Chambers for perjury."<ref>FBI memorandum: Fletcher to Ladd, December 6, 1948 (FBI file: Hiss-Chambers, Vol. 2)</ref>

On that day, Hiss's attorney Edward McLean gave the defense's documents examiner, J. Howard Haring, a batch of old Hiss family letters that Hiss had given him the previous September, two months before Chambers produced the documents. Immediately identifying the typeface as that of a Woodstock typewriter, Haring reported that one of Mrs. Hiss's 1933 letters "was typed on the same machine as the Chambers documents." McLean informed the Hisses of this finding the same day. The next day, according to another of Hiss' lawyers, John F. Davis: "Alger ... asked [me to] check on an old machine which he remembers he gave to Pat, the son of Claudia Catlett...." Yet Hiss continued to swear under oath that he remembered neither the make nor disposition of the typewriter.<ref>"[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 Reply by Allen Weinstein, The Hiss Case: An Exchange,"] ''The New York Review of Books,'' Volume 23, Number 9 (May 27, 1976)</ref>

On that day, Hiss's attorney Edward McLean gave the defense's documents examiner, J. Howard Haring, a batch of old Hiss family letters that Hiss had given him the previous September, two months before Chambers produced the documents. Immediately identifying the typeface as that of a Woodstock typewriter, Haring reported that one of Mrs. Hiss's 1933 letters "was typed on the same machine as the Chambers documents." McLean informed the Hisses of this finding the same day. The next day, according to another of Hiss' lawyers, John F. Davis: "Alger ... asked [me to] check on an old machine which he remembers he gave to Pat, the son of Claudia Catlett...." Yet Hiss continued to swear under oath that he remembered neither the make nor disposition [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 of the typewriter].

Hiss would later change his story, testifying that he gave the typewriter to the Catletts in 1937, before the date of the documents produced by Chambers. Pat Catlett, however, would tell defense lawyers that Hiss gave the Catletts the typewriter in the spring of 1938, just after the dates of the documents.<ref>[http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissappellate.html ''United States v Alger Hiss'', 185 F. 2d 822] (Second Circuit Court of Appeals, December 7, 1950)</ref>

Hiss would later change his story, testifying that he gave the typewriter to the Catletts in 1937, before the date of the documents produced by Chambers. Pat Catlett, however, would tell defense lawyers that Hiss gave the Catletts the typewriter in the [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissappellate.html spring of 1938], just after the dates of the documents.

On December 13, the FBI independently located specimens of Priscilla Hiss's typing from the 1930s. The FBI laboratory concluded, like Haring, that all the papers in question had been typed on the same typewriter, a Woodstock.<ref>"[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 Reply by Allen Weinstein, The Hiss Case: An Exchange,"] ''The New York Review of Books,'' Volume 23, Number 9 (May 27, 1976)</ref>

On December 13, the FBI independently located specimens of Priscilla Hiss's typing from the 1930s. The FBI laboratory concluded, like Haring, that all the papers in question had been typed on the same typewriter, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8841 a Woodstock].

Another defense expert, Harry E. Cassidy, concluded that Priscilla Hiss not only typed the Chambers documents, but wrote all the handwritten corrections on the typed documents. Asked by Hiss's attorneys whether it was more likely that Hiss or Chambers had written these corrections, Haring responded: "I am inclined to the opinion that the AH [Alger Hiss] corrections more closely resemble the QUESTIONED writing, than do the writings of WC [Whittaker Chambers]." A third defense expert, Edwin Fearon, agreed, reporting to the Hiss lawyers: "The corrections appearing in Exhibits 5-47 inclusive (exception—Exhibit 10) bear a closer resemblence [sic] to the handwritten corrections made by AH than to those made by WC." Fearon added that all but one of the documents were "typed on Woodstock typewriter no.N230099"&mdash;the Hiss' machine.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8747 Reply by Allen Weinstein, "The Hiss Case: Another Exchange!"] ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 23, No. 14 (September 16, 1976)</ref>

Another defense expert, Harry E. Cassidy, concluded that Priscilla Hiss not only typed the Chambers documents, but wrote all the handwritten corrections on the typed documents. Asked by Hiss's attorneys whether it was more likely that Hiss or Chambers had written these corrections, Haring responded: "I am inclined to the opinion that the AH [Alger Hiss] corrections more closely resemble the QUESTIONED writing, than do the writings of WC [Whittaker Chambers]." A third defense expert, Edwin Fearon, agreed, reporting to the Hiss lawyers: "The corrections appearing in Exhibits 5-47 inclusive (exception—Exhibit 10) bear a closer resemblence [sic] to the handwritten corrections made by AH than to those made by WC." Fearon added that all but one of the documents were "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8747 typed on Woodstock typewriter no.N230099]"&mdash;the Hiss' machine.

On December 15, Alger Hiss proposed to the grand jury a theory that someone (perhaps Chambers)<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), ISBN 0394495462, p. 270</ref> had sneaked into the State Department and stolen the documents from his desk<ref>Weinstein, ''Perjury'', pp. 178, 253, 257, 299, 397</ref> then, having somehow obtained access to Hiss' typewriter,<ref>Weinstein, ''Perjury'', pp. 298, 300</ref> typed some of the documents on it<ref> Weinstein, ''Perjury'', pp. 281, 298</ref> and microfilmed others, and then sneaked back into the State Department and replaced the originals,<ref>Weinstein, ''Perjury'', p. 254</ref> all in an elaborate plot to frame Hiss<ref>Weinstein, ''Perjury'', p. 299</ref> a decade later.<ref>Weinstein, ''Perjury'', p. 281</ref> Even Hiss admitted that his theory was "fantastic,"<ref> Weinstein, ''Perjury'', p. 299</ref> stating, "Until the day I die, I shall wonder how Whittaker Chambers got into my house to use my typewriter," a statement provoking outright laughter among jurors.<ref> Weinstein, ''Perjury'', p. 300</ref>

On December 15, Alger Hiss proposed to the grand jury a theory that someone (perhaps Chambers)<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), ISBN 0394495462, p. 270</ref> had sneaked into the State Department and stolen the documents from his desk<ref>Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', pp. 178, 253, 257, 299, 397</ref> then, having somehow obtained access to Hiss' typewriter,<ref>Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', pp. 298, 300</ref> typed some of the documents on it<ref> Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', pp. 281, 298</ref> and microfilmed others, and then sneaked back into the State Department and replaced the originals,<ref>Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', p. 254</ref> all in an elaborate plot to frame Hiss<ref>Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', p. 299</ref> a decade later.<ref>Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', p. 281</ref> Even Hiss admitted that his theory was "fantastic,"<ref> Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', p. 299</ref> stating, "Until the day I die, I shall wonder how Whittaker Chambers got into my house to use my typewriter," a statement provoking outright laughter among jurors.<ref> Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury]'', p. 300</ref>

Hiss testified that he never gave any documents to Whittaker Chambers, and that he had no contact with Chambers after January 1, 1937. The grand jury indicted Hiss on two counts of perjury, charging that he lied under oath in both these statements. Because the statute of limitations had expired, the grand jury could not consider espionage charges.

On December 15, 1948, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hisschronology.html Hiss testified] that he never gave any documents to Whittaker Chambers, and that he had no contact with Chambers after January 1, 1937. That day, the grand jury indicted Hiss on [http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/hiss.htm two counts of perjury], charging that he [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissaccount.html lied under oath] in both these statements. Because the five-year statute of limitations [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissaccount.html had expired], the grand jury could not consider espionage charges.

Just as Chambers had gained the upper hand by voluntarily waiving immunity from slander, ex-[[Socialist]]<ref>"Joined the Harvard Socialist Club and later became president... Elected to Executive Committee, Intercollegiate Socialist Society... Joined the Socialist Party, New York County, and the Socialist Press Club of New York City." [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf Walter Lippmann Papers. Part 4: Early Papers, 1904-1920 (Reels 164-170)]: Chronology. Manuscript and Archives Division, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University; cf. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=2v9aAAAAMAAJ The Intercollegiate Socialist]'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1918), p. 36. Even after ending his formal membership, Lippmann remained a loyal fellow-traveler: In the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]], "WJL" (Walter J. Lippmann) wrote to "ECC" (Edward C. Carter, head of the American Russian Institute and [[Institute of Pacific Relations]]), urging "cooperation with the European revolutionaries and the Soviet Union in their attempt to build a socialist Europe as a nucleus for a world socialist order, with the obvious corollary of the establishment of socialism in this country." Walter Lippmann to Edward C. Carter, June 10, 1940, p. 5 (PDF p. 100), FBI file: [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR54.11.pdf  Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 54, Part 11],  pp. 96-101.</ref> and [[Soviet]] intelligence source<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf 1289 New York to Moscow], September 9, 1944. According to Eric Alterman, a columnist and [http://www.thenation.com/blogs/altercation blogger] for ''The Nation'', Lippmann "offered much more useful information to the Soviets than [I.F.]  Stone ever did." (Eric Alterman, "[http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=stone_cold_untruths Stone Cold Untruths]," ''The American Prospect'', October 3, 2006)</ref> Walter Lippman (whose secretary, [[Mary Price]], was a Soviet agent)<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/8jun_dir_courier.pdf 868 KGB New York to Moscow, 8 June 1943]. Cf. [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/29apr_recruits.pdf 588 New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944]. See also [http://ia311343.us.archive.org/2/items/instituteofpacif02unit/instituteofpacif02unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations Hearings, Part 2], Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess., August 9, 14, 16, 20, 22, and 23, 1951 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 406; Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors'' (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 439 and John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 99</ref> suggested that Hiss turn the tables by waiving the statute of limitations on espionage. Hiss never took him up on that suggestion.<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), ISBN 0394495462, p. 384</ref>

Just as Chambers had gained the upper hand by voluntarily waiving immunity from slander, ex-[[Socialist]]<ref>"Joined the Harvard Socialist Club and later became president... Elected to Executive Committee, Intercollegiate Socialist Society... Joined the Socialist Party, New York County, and the Socialist Press Club of New York City." [http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Download/9034000C.rtf Walter Lippmann Papers. Part 4: Early Papers, 1904-1920 (Reels 164-170)]: Chronology. Manuscript and Archives Division, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University; cf. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=2v9aAAAAMAAJ The Intercollegiate Socialist]'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 1918), p. 36. Even after ending his formal membership, Lippmann remained a loyal fellow-traveler: In the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]], "WJL" (Walter J. Lippmann) wrote to "ECC" (Edward C. Carter, head of the American Russian Institute and [[Institute of Pacific Relations]]), urging "cooperation with the European revolutionaries and the Soviet Union in their attempt to build a socialist Europe as a nucleus for a world socialist order, with the obvious corollary of the establishment of socialism in this country." Walter Lippmann to Edward C. Carter, June 10, 1940, p. 5 (PDF p. 100), FBI file: [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR54.11.pdf  Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 54, Part 11],  pp. 96-101.</ref> and [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf Soviet intelligence source]<ref>According to Eric Alterman, a [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/eric_alterman columnist] and [http://www.thenation.com/blogs/altercation blogger] for ''The Nation'', Lippmann "offered much more [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=stone_cold_untruths useful information to the Soviets] than [I.F.]  Stone ever did."</ref> Walter Lippman (whose secretary, [[Mary Price]], was a [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1943/8jun_dir_courier.pdf 868 Soviet agent]<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/29apr_recruits.pdf 588 New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944]; cf. [http://ia311343.us.archive.org/2/items/instituteofpacif02unit/instituteofpacif02unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations Hearings, Part 2], Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 82nd Cong., 1st Sess., August 9, 14, 16, 20, 22, and 23, 1951 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1951), p. 406; Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 439 and John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 99</ref> suggested that Hiss turn the tables by waiving the statute of limitations on espionage. Hiss never took him up on that suggestion.<ref>Allen Weinstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dkeRKZOX2n4C&pgis=1 Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case]'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), ISBN 0394495462, p. 384</ref>

==The Trials==

==The Trials==