Changes

As a result of his [[father]]'s [[death]], Alger [[inheritance|inherited]] $10,000,<ref>"...provided a $10,000 bequest to each of the Hiss children..." G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 9</ref> the [http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl equivalent] of more than $200,000 today. After graduation from [http://www.baltimorecitycollege.us/ Baltimore City College] and a year at [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/maritime/bra.htm Powder] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/ma/ma0800/ma0860/photos/075517pv.jpg Point] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3g00000/3g03000/3g03000/3g03096r.jpg Academy]<ref>In the 1920s, Powder Point School for Boys [http://www.duxburyhistory.org/king_caesar_house_history.htm merged] with [http://www.taboracademy.org/ Tabor Academy]</ref> (a private<ref>Porter Sargent, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lWvJDCYA4CUC A Handbook of American Private Schools]'' (Boston, Mass.: P. Sargent, 1920), p. 594</ref> [[prep school]]<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), p. 32</ref> in [http://ia311331.us.archive.org/2/items/pilgrimtownofdux00plym/pilgrimtownofdux00plym_bw.pdf Duxbury], [[Massachusetts]]) and the [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00092 Maryland Institute of Art], Hiss attended [[Baltimore]]'s elite<ref>"Johns Hopkins was an elite university, both socially and academically." G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 9</ref> [http://www.times.com/books/97/03/09/reviews/chambers-prophecy.html Johns Hopkins University],<ref>Hiss would not be the university's last link with covert pro-[[Communist]] activities. In 1939-53, [[Owen Lattimore]] ("from some time beginning in the 1930's, a conscious articulate instrument of [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf  the Soviet conspiracy]" [p. 224], according to the [[SISS|McCarran subcommittee]]) would be director of the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations at Hopkins; in 2009, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060502359_pf.html Walter Kendall Myers], a retired State Department official who for 20 years had been a faculty member at JHU's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, would be charged with [[espionage]] on behalf of [[Cuba]].</ref> where he was voted "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/103447 best] [http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1950-05-13#folio=096 hand]-[http://www.orwelltoday.com/hisstruman.jpg shaker]" in his class. As an [[undergraduate]], Hiss was drawn to the work of (among others) the [[Fabian socialism|Fabian]]<ref>Archibald Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=twQBAAAAYAAJ George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works]'' (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1911) ISBN 1417961775, p. 102. Shaw became a loyal apologist for [[Stalinism]], penning a 1933 [http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/bernard_shaw.htm Letter to the Editor] of the ''Manchester Guardian'', denouncing Malcolm Muggeridge's reporting on [[Stalin]]'s [[Holodomor|Terror Famine]] as a "lie" and a "slander"; the following year he published a 16,000-word ''[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300561h.html#p01 apologia]'' for Stalin's mass murders. In 1949, he even wrote a [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/shaw/works/lysenko.htm defense] of Stalin's pseudo-scientific [[Lysenkoism]].</ref> George Bernard Shaw, [[Socialist]]<ref>"To John M. Gillette," September 15, 1912, in Maxwell Anderson (Laurence G. Avery, Ed.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iINNqp6FxU0C Dramatist in America: Letters of Maxwell Anderson, 1912-1958]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001) ISBN 0807849405, p. 3</ref> Maxwell Anderson, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2805 card-carrying socialist]" Sinclair Lewis and [[Communist]]<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''The Daily Worker'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, pp. 348-350</ref> Theodore Dreiser<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0030137764, pp. 51-52</ref>&mdash;the latter two [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html famous atheists].

As a result of his [[father]]'s [[death]], Alger [[inheritance|inherited]] $10,000,<ref>"...provided a $10,000 bequest to each of the Hiss children..." G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 9</ref> the [http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl equivalent] of more than $200,000 today. After graduation from [http://www.baltimorecitycollege.us/ Baltimore City College] and a year at [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/maritime/bra.htm Powder] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/ma/ma0800/ma0860/photos/075517pv.jpg Point] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3g00000/3g03000/3g03000/3g03096r.jpg Academy]<ref>In the 1920s, Powder Point School for Boys [http://www.duxburyhistory.org/king_caesar_house_history.htm merged] with [http://www.taboracademy.org/ Tabor Academy]</ref> (a private<ref>Porter Sargent, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lWvJDCYA4CUC A Handbook of American Private Schools]'' (Boston, Mass.: P. Sargent, 1920), p. 594</ref> [[prep school]]<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), p. 32</ref> in [http://ia311331.us.archive.org/2/items/pilgrimtownofdux00plym/pilgrimtownofdux00plym_bw.pdf Duxbury], [[Massachusetts]]) and the [http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~law00092 Maryland Institute of Art], Hiss attended [[Baltimore]]'s elite<ref>"Johns Hopkins was an elite university, both socially and academically." G. Edward White, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FvR4HBTiYzAC Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy]'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) ISBN 0195182553, p. 9</ref> [http://www.times.com/books/97/03/09/reviews/chambers-prophecy.html Johns Hopkins University],<ref>Hiss would not be the university's last link with covert pro-[[Communist]] activities. In 1939-53, [[Owen Lattimore]] ("from some time beginning in the 1930's, a conscious articulate instrument of [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf  the Soviet conspiracy]" [p. 224], according to the [[SISS|McCarran subcommittee]]) would be director of the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations at Hopkins; in 2009, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060502359_pf.html Walter Kendall Myers], a retired State Department official who for 20 years had been a faculty member at JHU's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, would be charged with [[espionage]] on behalf of [[Cuba]].</ref> where he was voted "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/103447 best] [http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1950-05-13#folio=096 hand]-[http://www.orwelltoday.com/hisstruman.jpg shaker]" in his class. As an [[undergraduate]], Hiss was drawn to the work of (among others) the [[Fabian socialism|Fabian]]<ref>Archibald Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=twQBAAAAYAAJ George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works]'' (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1911) ISBN 1417961775, p. 102. Shaw became a loyal apologist for [[Stalinism]], penning a 1933 [http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/bernard_shaw.htm Letter to the Editor] of the ''Manchester Guardian'', denouncing Malcolm Muggeridge's reporting on [[Stalin]]'s [[Holodomor|Terror Famine]] as a "lie" and a "slander"; the following year he published a 16,000-word ''[http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300561h.html#p01 apologia]'' for Stalin's mass murders. In 1949, he even wrote a [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/shaw/works/lysenko.htm defense] of Stalin's pseudo-scientific [[Lysenkoism]].</ref> George Bernard Shaw, [[Socialist]]<ref>"To John M. Gillette," September 15, 1912, in Maxwell Anderson (Laurence G. Avery, Ed.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iINNqp6FxU0C Dramatist in America: Letters of Maxwell Anderson, 1912-1958]'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001) ISBN 0807849405, p. 3</ref> Maxwell Anderson, "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2805 card-carrying socialist]" Sinclair Lewis and [[Communist]]<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''The Daily Worker'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, pp. 348-350</ref> Theodore Dreiser<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0030137764, pp. 51-52</ref>&mdash;the latter two [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html famous atheists].

Hiss' favorite [[instructor|instructors]] included [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/30/obituaries/broadus-mitchell-95-professor-historian-and-hamilton-authority.html Broadus Mitchell], who, according to Hiss, was simply a "gifted" [[economics]] [[professor]] who happened to hold some "mildly Socialistic" views.<ref>"My gifted economics teacher, Broadus Mitchell, a Socialist.... his mildly Socialistic opinions ... made no impression on us." Alger Hiss, Draft of a Chapter Written By Alger Hiss on the Foundations For His Liberalism (Alger Hiss papers, Small Manuscript Collection, Special Collections, Harvard Law School Library)</ref> But Mitchell, according to the [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all personal Web site] of Hiss' [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_206/alger1.gif son], Tony,<ref> After Hiss' son, a visiting scholar at New York University, originally set up the site on an NYU server, the university [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all  requested] that he move it elsewhere "to designate it more clearly as a personal site rather than an academic one." The Web site is run out of the [http://www.slate.com/id/1007346/pagenum/all/ home] of "Web master" Jeff Kisseloff, [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/jeff_kisseloff archivist] of ''The Nation'' magazine, and is [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html funded] by The Nation Institute, which is in turn [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/funderprofile.asp?fndid=5181&category=79 funded] by billionaire [http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/george-soros-backs-obama-but-hedges-his-bets/ Obama-booster] [[George Soros]]. Although the site is [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/images/logo2.gif blazoned] "Search for the Truth," [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/aboutus.html buried] within is the admission that its real purpose is to present only "the case for the defense," not both sides. University of Missouri-Kansas City law professor Douglas Linder warns that "the site maintains a [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss_links.html decidedly sympathetic] view of Hiss." Cornell Law Library agrees, "The site has a [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html noticeable editorial bias] in favor of Hiss." ''New York Times Book Review'' editor Sam Tanenhaus concurs, "It's a [http://www.slate.com/id/1007346/pagenum/all/ blatantly pro-Hiss] operation whose agenda is to advocate his innocence." Then-Columbia University historian David Greenberg (now [http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~davidgr/ at Rutgers]) concludes, "I don't think anyone is going to treat this site as the repository of truth, except for those who have [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all already made up their minds] that Hiss was innocent."</ref> was actually a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/wars.html well-known socialist]. He served as [http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/WestCampus/SpecialCollections/sc_afc_broadus_mitchell.cfm candidate] for [[Governor]] of [[Maryland]] for the [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761370,00.html Socialist Party] (U.S. supporter of the [[Comintern]]),<ref>"The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International..." Document No. 7: "Minority Report Adopted by Overwhelming Party Vote on Referendum on Submission to the Emergency National Convention Held at Chicago, September, 1919," reprinted in Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York Investigating Seditious Activities, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq0XAAAAYAAJ Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics]'', Part I, Vol. I (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1920), p. 626</ref> and distinguished socialism from [[communism]] only in "[[strategy]] and [[procedure]]," not "essential [[theory]]."<ref>"[T]he difference between socialism and communism.... is not one of object, but of means of attainment of the object; it has to do with strategy and procedure, and not with essential theory." Broadus Mitchell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nB5BAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 A Preface to Economics]'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1932-34), p. 557</ref> Another favorite was [http://ead.library.jhu.edu/ms047.xml José Robles],<ref>Matthew Richer, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/46_04/richer.pdf The Ongoing Campaign of Alger Hiss: The Sins of the Father]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 46, No. 4 (Fall 2004), p. 310 (PDF p. 4)</ref> a committed [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Stalinist] who would go on to serve in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]] in the [[Red Army]] and [http://ducts.org/06_06/html/reviews/healy.html interpreter for] [[General]] [http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ Jānis] [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/Berzin_Jan_18811938_/m0080816.html Bērziņš]<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 156; James R. Mellow, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LQptupxaGwsC Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences]'' (Da Capo Press, 1993) ISBN 020162620, p. 506</ref> ([http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/danilov.pdf alias "Grishin"]),<ref>Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck, and Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Sevostianov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SmpOYJ24620C Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0300089813, p. 319</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, p. 380; Burnett Bolloten, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1991) ISBN 0807819069, pp. 307-308, 310, 312, 838 n. 11. Robles was [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all never seen again] (Soledad Fox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_ihsVRTP4C Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile: International Voice for the Spanish Republic]'' [Sussex Academic Press, 2007] ISBN 1845191668, pp. 68-73) after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]] (Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' [tr. George Shriver] [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989] ISBN 0231063504, p. 428) and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [http://books.google.com/books?id=KzIfHQAACAAJ Great Terror] in 1938. (David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 [Winter, 1998], pp. 791-812) Robles had apparently been [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=28993 abducted and murdered] by a [[Communist]] "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all special section]," according to former [http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml fellow traveller] [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html John Dos Passos], because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]." Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272; cf. Josephine Herbst, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQJCSqS3EIqEywTTxshW&id=LgtiAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Starched Blue Sky of Spain: and Other Memoirs]'' (HarperCollins, 1991) ISBN 006016512X, pp. 150-167</ref> Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his [[home]],<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ISBN 039524899X, pp. 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to join the forces<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976), ISBN 0030137764, p. 104</ref> characterized as "[[Stalin]]'s foreign legion."<ref>Herbert Romerstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D5koGQAACAAJ Heroic Victims: Stalin's Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Washington: Council for the Defense of Freedom, 1994) ISBN 9994812505. Using [[Moscow]]'s [[Comintern]] archives, Romerstein documents how American volunteers ([http://spectator.org/archives/2008/04/04/the-lefts-good-warriors mostly Communists]) were promised they were signing up for only a [http://www.iwp.edu/news/bookID.20/book_detail.asp seven-month hitch], only to be told later they were in for the duration; those who complained were [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n18_v46/ai_15844252/ imprisoned or shot] (and [http://www.campusreportonline.net/main/articles.php?id=2371 listed as casualties]). Supposedly formed to fight [[fascism]], in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] they largely [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor opposed Allied efforts] to resist the [[Nazi]]s.</ref>

Hiss' favorite [[instructor|instructors]] included [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/30/obituaries/broadus-mitchell-95-professor-historian-and-hamilton-authority.html Broadus Mitchell], who, according to Hiss, was simply a "gifted" [[economics]] [[professor]] who happened to hold some "mildly Socialistic" views.<ref>"My gifted economics teacher, Broadus Mitchell, a Socialist.... his mildly Socialistic opinions ... made no impression on us." Alger Hiss, Draft of a Chapter Written By Alger Hiss on the Foundations For His Liberalism (Alger Hiss papers, Small Manuscript Collection, Special Collections, Harvard Law School Library)</ref> But Mitchell, according to the [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all personal Web site] of Hiss' [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_206/alger1.gif son], Tony,<ref> After Hiss' son, a visiting scholar at New York University, originally set up the site on an NYU server, the university [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all  requested] that he move it elsewhere "to designate it more clearly as a personal site rather than an academic one." The Web site is run out of the [http://www.slate.com/id/1007346/pagenum/all/ home] of "Web master" Jeff Kisseloff, [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/jeff_kisseloff archivist] of ''The Nation'' magazine, and is [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html funded] by The Nation Institute, which is in turn [http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/funderprofile.asp?fndid=5181&category=79 funded] by billionaire [http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/george-soros-backs-obama-but-hedges-his-bets/ Obama-booster] [[George Soros]]. Although the site is [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/images/logo2.gif blazoned] "Search for the Truth," [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/aboutus.html buried] within is the admission that its real purpose is to present only "the case for the defense," not both sides. University of Missouri-Kansas City law professor Douglas Linder warns that "the site maintains a [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss_links.html decidedly sympathetic] view of Hiss." Cornell Law Library agrees, "The site has a [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html noticeable editorial bias] in favor of Hiss." ''New York Times Book Review'' editor Sam Tanenhaus concurs, "It's a [http://www.slate.com/id/1007346/pagenum/all/ blatantly pro-Hiss] operation whose agenda is to advocate his innocence." Then-Columbia University historian David Greenberg (now [http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~davidgr/ at Rutgers]) concludes, "I don't think anyone is going to treat this site as the repository of truth, except for those who have [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/16/technology/online-the-hiss-defense-doesn-t-rest.html?pagewanted=all already made up their minds] that Hiss was innocent."</ref> was actually a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/wars.html well-known socialist]. He served as [http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/WestCampus/SpecialCollections/sc_afc_broadus_mitchell.cfm candidate] for [[Governor]] of [[Maryland]] for the [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761370,00.html Socialist Party] (U.S. supporter of the [[Comintern]]),<ref>"The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International..." Document No. 7: "Minority Report Adopted by Overwhelming Party Vote on Referendum on Submission to the Emergency National Convention Held at Chicago, September, 1919," reprinted in Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York Investigating Seditious Activities, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq0XAAAAYAAJ Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics]'', Part I, Vol. I (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1920), p. 626</ref> and distinguished socialism from [[communism]] only in "[[strategy]] and [[procedure]]," not "essential [[theory]]."<ref>"[T]he difference between socialism and communism.... is not one of object, but of means of attainment of the object; it has to do with strategy and procedure, and not with essential theory." Broadus Mitchell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nB5BAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 A Preface to Economics]'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1932-34), p. 557</ref> Another favorite was [http://ead.library.jhu.edu/ms047.xml José Robles],<ref>Matthew Richer, "[http://www.mmisi.org/ma/46_04/richer.pdf The Ongoing Campaign of Alger Hiss: The Sins of the Father]," ''Modern Age'', Vol. 46, No. 4 (Fall 2004), p. 310 (PDF p. 4)</ref> a committed [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Stalinist] who would serve in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]]<ref>Jeffrey Meyers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cuM6RAO9DxUC Hemingway: A Biography]'' (Da Capo Press, 1999), ISBN 0306808900, p. 307; John P. Diggins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=inoVf72P4yIC Up from Communism]'', p. 90</ref> in the [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Red Army] and [http://ducts.org/06_06/html/reviews/healy.html interpreter for] [[General]] [http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ Jānis] [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/encyclopedia/article_show/Berzin_Jan_18811938_/m0080816.html Bērziņš]<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 156; James R. Mellow, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LQptupxaGwsC Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences]'' (Da Capo Press, 1993) ISBN 020162620, p. 506</ref> ([http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/danilov.pdf alias "Grishin"]),<ref>Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck, and Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Sevostianov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SmpOYJ24620C Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0300089813, p. 319</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, p. 380; Burnett Bolloten, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1991) ISBN 0807819069, pp. 307-308, 310, 312, 838 n. 11. Robles was [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all never seen again] (Soledad Fox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_ihsVRTP4C Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile: International Voice for the Spanish Republic]'' [Sussex Academic Press, 2007] ISBN 1845191668, pp. 68-73) after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]] (Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' [tr. George Shriver] [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989] ISBN 0231063504, p. 428) and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [http://books.google.com/books?id=KzIfHQAACAAJ Great Terror] in 1938. (David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 [Winter, 1998], pp. 791-812) Robles had apparently been [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=28993 abducted and murdered] by a [[Communist]] "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all special section]," according to former [http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml fellow traveller] [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html John Dos Passos], because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]." Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272; cf. Josephine Herbst, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQJCSqS3EIqEywTTxshW&id=LgtiAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Starched Blue Sky of Spain: and Other Memoirs]'' (HarperCollins, 1991) ISBN 006016512X, pp. 150-167</ref> Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his [[home]],<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ISBN 039524899X, pp. 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to join the forces<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Alger Hiss: The True Story]'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976), ISBN 0030137764, p. 104</ref> characterized as "[[Stalin]]'s foreign legion."<ref>Herbert Romerstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D5koGQAACAAJ Heroic Victims: Stalin's Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Washington: Council for the Defense of Freedom, 1994) ISBN 9994812505. Using [[Moscow]]'s [[Comintern]] archives, Romerstein documents how American volunteers ([http://spectator.org/archives/2008/04/04/the-lefts-good-warriors mostly Communists]) were promised they were signing up for only a [http://www.iwp.edu/news/bookID.20/book_detail.asp seven-month hitch], only to be told later they were in for the duration; those who complained were [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n18_v46/ai_15844252/ imprisoned or shot] (and [http://www.campusreportonline.net/main/articles.php?id=2371 listed as casualties]). Supposedly formed to fight [[fascism]], in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] they largely [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor opposed Allied efforts] to resist the [[Nazi]]s.</ref>

===Harvard Law School===

===Harvard Law School===