Changes

===African Americans===

===African Americans===

The political history of African-Americans has been studied primarily through the prism of the Civil Rights movement, with considerable evidence showing the Double-V campaign was successful in mobilizing Democratic votes--war against fascism abroad and discrimination at home. The Republicans, however, continued a strong emphasis on civil rights that kept many traditional supporters in the fold. The Black vote would become critical in the 1960s, but in the 1930s and 1940s it was a junior partner in the coalition, and had little voice or respect.<ref>William J. McKenna, "The Negro Vote In Philadelphia Elections," Pennsylvania History 1965 32(4): 406-415; Ladd and Hadley, 60; James J. Kenneally, "Black Republicans During The New Deal: The Role Of Joseph W. Martin, Jr.," Review of Politics 1993 55(1): 117-139; Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (1981); Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (1983), stresses the welfare program as critical to the realignment.</ref>  

The political history of African-Americans has been studied primarily through the prism of the Civil Rights movement, with considerable evidence showing the Double-V campaign was successful in mobilizing Democratic votes--war against [[Nazism]] abroad and discrimination at home. The Republicans, however, continued a strong emphasis on civil rights that kept many traditional supporters in the fold. The Black vote would become critical in the 1960s, but in the 1930s and 1940s it was a junior partner in the coalition, and had little voice or respect.<ref>William J. McKenna, "The Negro Vote In Philadelphia Elections," Pennsylvania History 1965 32(4): 406-415; Ladd and Hadley, 60; James J. Kenneally, "Black Republicans During The New Deal: The Role Of Joseph W. Martin, Jr.," Review of Politics 1993 55(1): 117-139; Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (1981); Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (1983), stresses the welfare program as critical to the realignment.</ref>

 

===Regionalism===

===Regionalism===

Regionalism is a relatively neglected theme for the New Deal years, except for the reasonably extensive coverage of the South.<ref>  George Brown Tindall, ''Disruption of the Solid South'' (1992); Tindall, ''The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945'' (1967); Numan V. Bartley, ''The New South, 1945-1980'' (1995);  Earl Black and Merle Black, ''The Rise of Southern Republicans'' (2003); William E. Leuchtenburg, ''The White House Looks South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson'' (2005) </ref> The West was a New Deal bastion, which like the South later switched to the GOP.<ref> Gerald D. Nash, ''American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War'' (1990); Peter F. Galderisi et al., ''The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West'' (1987); Heinz Eulau, ''The Western Public: 1952 and Beyond'' (1954); James Q. Wilson, "A Guide To Reagan Country. The Political Culture Of Southern California," ''Commentary'' 1967 43(5): 37-45.</ref> On the other hand, the East was a Republican bastion in the New Deal era. The Middle West has always been a highly competitive battle-ground. Just why the West and East switched is an open question. In the West, heavy immigration surely played a major role. In the East, the story perhaps is that of the downfall of the liberal wing of the GOP.<ref>Nicol C. Rae, ''The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present'' (1989). </ref>

Regionalism is a relatively neglected theme for the New Deal years, except for the reasonably extensive coverage of the South.<ref>  George Brown Tindall, ''Disruption of the Solid South'' (1992); Tindall, ''The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945'' (1967); Numan V. Bartley, ''The New South, 1945-1980'' (1995);  Earl Black and Merle Black, ''The Rise of Southern Republicans'' (2003); William E. Leuchtenburg, ''The White House Looks South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson'' (2005) </ref> The West was a New Deal bastion, which like the South later switched to the GOP.<ref> Gerald D. Nash, ''American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War'' (1990); Peter F. Galderisi et al., ''The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West'' (1987); Heinz Eulau, ''The Western Public: 1952 and Beyond'' (1954); James Q. Wilson, "A Guide To Reagan Country. The Political Culture Of Southern California," ''Commentary'' 1967 43(5): 37-45.</ref> On the other hand, the East was a Republican bastion in the New Deal era. The Middle West has always been a highly competitive battle-ground. Just why the West and East switched is an open question. In the West, heavy immigration surely played a major role. In the East, the story perhaps is that of the downfall of the liberal wing of the GOP.<ref>Nicol C. Rae, ''The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present'' (1989). </ref>