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Having lost most approaches to the St. Lawrence, the French strengthened their defences and threatened Nova Scotia and the [[Newfoundland]] fisheries; the English responded by intensifying their pressure all along the frontier. The English Fort Oswego, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, challenged French territorial claims and threatened their fur trade. French forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, south of the St. Lawrence, blocked a British invasion by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. In the far northwest Pierre La Vérendrye built a string of fur trading posts in the 1730s that stretched across the prairies as far as the Saskatchewan River, challenging the Hudson's Bay Company's westward thrusts.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=35488&query=Vérendrye ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref>
Having lost most approaches to the St. Lawrence, the French strengthened their defences and threatened Nova Scotia and the [[Newfoundland]] fisheries; the English responded by intensifying their pressure all along the frontier. The English Fort Oswego, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, challenged French territorial claims and threatened their fur trade. French forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, south of the St. Lawrence, blocked a British invasion by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. In the far northwest Pierre La Vérendrye built a string of fur trading posts in the 1730s that stretched across the prairies as far as the Saskatchewan River, challenging the Hudson's Bay Company's westward thrusts.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=35488&query=Vérendrye ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref>
==Captured by Britain==
see [[French and Indian War]]
In the context of the [[Seven Years War]] raging in Europe, the British attached major importance to the capture of North America from the French. The great battle on the Plains of Abraham in 1759 was won by the cleverness of British General James Wolfe (1727-1759),<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1720&interval=20&&PHPSESSID=mo9rhgn2v2uv55grd4a7v5pbf6 ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'']</ref> who was killed as the British surprised and captured Quebec city; the French commander marquis de Montcalm (1712-59) also was killed<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1720&interval=20&&PHPSESSID=mo9rhgn2v2uv55grd4a7v5pbf6 ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'']</ref>. The conflict was not over, for at the battle of St Foy in 1760, the French beat the British and again laid siege to Quebec. The siege failed and, aided by the Royal Navy, the British were finally able to force the French army back to Montreal and capture Quebec.<ref> See Stephen Manning, ''Quebec: The Story of Three Sieges'' (2009)</ref> The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ratified British control of New France, now renamed Quebec.
==Colonial society==
==Colonial society==
* Havard, Gilles, and Cécile Vidal, "Making New France New Again: French historians rediscover their American past," ''Common-Place'' (July 2007) v 7 #4 [http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-04/harvard/ online version]
* Havard, Gilles, and Cécile Vidal, "Making New France New Again: French historians rediscover their American past," ''Common-Place'' (July 2007) v 7 #4 [http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-04/harvard/ online version]
* Moogk, Peter.; ''La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada a Cultural History'' (2000) to 1763 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/la-nouvelle-france-the-making-of-french-canada-a-cultural-history-by-peter-moogk.jsp online edition]
* Moogk, Peter.; ''La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada a Cultural History'' (2000) to 1763 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/la-nouvelle-france-the-making-of-french-canada-a-cultural-history-by-peter-moogk.jsp online edition]
* Parkman, Francis.
* ''The Pioneers of France in the New World'' (1865)
* ''The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century'' (1867)
* ''La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West'' (1869)
* ''The Old Régime in Canada'' (1874)
* ''Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV'' (1877)
* ''A Half Century of Conflict'' (1892)
**''Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War''. (1884), famous narrative by leading historian; liberals strongly dislike Parkman's conservative tone [http://books.google.com/books?id=4BlFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Montcalm+intitle:and+intitle:Wolfe+inauthor:Parkman&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPE full text online]
* Trudel, Marcel. ''The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663'' (1973)
* Trudel, Marcel. ''The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663'' (1973)
====Notes====
====Notes====
[[Category:Canadian History]]
[[Category:Canadian History]]
[[Category:Colonial America]]