Changes

'''John Stewart Service''' was a [[U.S. State Department]] official and Foreign Service Officer during [[World War II]].

'''John Stewart Service''' was a [[U.S. State Department]] official and Foreign Service Officer during [[World War II]].

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, [[China]]. There he shared a house with [[Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] attaché [[Solomon Adler]]<ref>FBI [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf recording summary], Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of  John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/COMRAP%20SUMMARY.pdf The Comintern Apparatus], March 6, 1946, [ftp://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_Folder/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_page24.pdf p. 20 [PDF p. 24]]); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." [United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967; ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592</ref> and Chinese Ministry of Finance official Chi Chao-ting.<ref>"During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21</ref>

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, [[China]]. There he shared a house with [[Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] attaché [[Solomon Adler]]<ref>FBI [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf recording summary], Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of  John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/COMRAP%20SUMMARY.pdf The Comintern Apparatus], March 6, 1946, [ftp://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_Folder/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_page24.pdf p. 20 [PDF p. 24]]); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." [United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967; ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592</ref> and Chinese Ministry of Finance official Chi Chao-ting.<ref>"During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21</ref>

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the [[Communist]]s base their policy toward the [[Kuomintang]] on a real desire for democracy in [[China]] under which there can be orderly [[economic]] growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual [[socialism]] without the need of [[violent]] social upheaval and [[revolution]]." <ref>E. J. Kahn, Jr., ''The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them'', New York, 1972, pg. 118.</ref>

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the [[Communist]]s base their policy toward the [[Kuomintang]] on a real desire for democracy in [[China]] under which there can be orderly [[economic]] growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual [[socialism]] without the need of [[violent]] social upheaval and [[revolution]]." <ref>E. J. Kahn, Jr., ''The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them'', New York, 1972, pg. 118.</ref>

According to an [[FBI]] report, "A highly confidential source, which is completely reliable, has advised that Max and Grace Granich, both of whom have been engaged in [[Communist Party USA|Communist]] and [[Comintern]] activities for many years, were advised in the fall of 1944 that Service was returning to Washington from China, and that they should contact him because he could furnish fullest details as to the latest developments."<ref>FBI Report: Soviet Espionage Activity in the United States, November 25, 1945, p. 46</ref> Max Granich (brother of [[Communist Party]] [http://www.college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/gold_mi.html cultural commissar]<ref>Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman (Eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z6Cs0Y1pvRAC Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance]'' (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 1579584578, p. 240</ref> "Mike Gold") was the bodyguard and chauffeur of [[Communist Party|C.P.]] General Secretary [[Earl Browder]]; Grace Granich was Browder's personal secretary. During the 1930s they had been [[Comintern]] agents stationed in China.<ref>Historical/Biographical Note, [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/granich_content.html Guide to the Grace Granich and Max Granich Papers], Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives, New York University</ref>

According to an [[FBI]] report, "A highly confidential source, which is completely reliable, has advised that Max and [[Grace Granich]], both of whom have been engaged in [[Communist Party USA|Communist]] and [[Comintern]] activities for many years, were advised in the fall of 1944 that Service was returning to Washington from China, and that they should contact him because he could furnish fullest details as to the latest developments."<ref>FBI Report: Soviet Espionage Activity in the United States, November 25, 1945, p. 46</ref> [[Max Granich]] (brother of [[Communist Party]] [http://www.college.cengage.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/gold_mi.html cultural commissar]<ref>Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman (Eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z6Cs0Y1pvRAC Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance]'' (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 1579584578, p. 240</ref> "Mike Gold") was the bodyguard and chauffeur of [[Communist Party|C.P.]] General Secretary [[Earl Browder]]; Grace Granich was Browder's personal secretary. During the 1930s they had been [[Comintern]] agents stationed in China.<ref>Historical/Biographical Note, [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/granich_content.html Guide to the Grace Granich and Max Granich Papers], Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives, New York University</ref>

 

Upon his arrival in D.C., Service met with<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 9781400081059, p. 111</ref> with [[White House]] aide [[Lauchlin Currie]] (who would be identified by [[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]] as the [http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/12/06/weisberg/print.html Soviet spy] code-named "PAZh/Page,"<ref>Vassiliev's ''[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf Black Notebook]'', p. 78</ref> who is recorded in [[Venona]] giving information to [[Iskhak Akhmerov|Akhmerov]]<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/14oct_pazh_eleron_albert_robert.pdf 1463 KGB New York to Moscow 14 October 1944]</ref> and "handing over documents" to [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster|Silvermaster]];<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/20mar_illegal_albert.pdf 253 KGB Moscow to New York 20 March 1945]</ref>&mdash;and was the NKVD agent<ref>Robert J. Hanyok, ''[http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/eavesdropping.pdf Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945]'' (Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005), pp. 118-119 [PDF p. 123-124], n. 185; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 146</ref> in the White House<ref>[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol3/Vol3Chap1.pdf "Cold War Counterintelligence," ''A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium'', Vol. 3, Chapter 1] (Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive) pp. 30-31 (PDF pp. 29-30); Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 167</ref> who tipped the Kremlin off in 1944 that the U.S. was on the verge of breaking the Soviet code),<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 130; Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response]'' (Washington: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), pp. xiv, xxiv; FBI memo: Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, p. 9 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI file: Venona], p. 71)</ref> along with [[FDR]]'s personal emissary to [[Soviet]] dictator [[Josef Stalin]], [[Harry Hopkins]] (whom [[Iskhak Akhmerov]], [http://leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9706/reviews/buckley.html the leading] [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissVenona.html NKVD illegal] in the U.S.,<ref>Christopher M. Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SCIFAQAAIAAJ KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060166053, p. 286</ref> called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States," according to Oleg Gordievsky, the highest-ranking [[KGB]] agent ever to defect),<ref>Peter B. Niblo, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kksbT33Cb6wC Influence: The Soviet Task Leading to Pearl Harbor, the Iron Curtain, and the Cold War]'' (Oakland, Ore.: Elderberry Press, 2002) ISBN 1930859147, p. 65. In 2008, Gordievsky would become [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7333382.stm partially paralyzed], as a result, he told Scotland Yard, of what he suspected was an assassination attempt. The late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified [[Harry Hopkins|Hopkins]] as [[Venona project|Venona]]'s Soviet agent "19." Eduard Mark, “Venona’s Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage,” ''Intelligence and National Security'', Summer 1998</ref> and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]], the "most important member of the [[Silvermaster group|Silvermaster network]] and the most highly placed asset the Soviets possessed in the American government."<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America] (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 258</ref>

Upon his arrival in D.C., Service met with<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 9781400081059, p. 111</ref> with [[White House]] aide [[Lauchlin Currie]] (who would be identified by [[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]] as the [http://www.salon.com/news/col/horo/1999/12/06/weisberg/print.html Soviet spy] code-named "PAZh/Page,"<ref>Vassiliev's ''[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf Black Notebook]'', p. 78</ref> who is recorded in [[Venona]] giving information to [[Iskhak Akhmerov|Akhmerov]]<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/14oct_pazh_eleron_albert_robert.pdf 1463 KGB New York to Moscow 14 October 1944]</ref> and "handing over documents" to [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster|Silvermaster]];<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/20mar_illegal_albert.pdf 253 KGB Moscow to New York 20 March 1945]</ref>&mdash;and was the NKVD agent<ref>Robert J. Hanyok, ''[http://www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/eavesdropping.pdf Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945]'' (Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005), pp. 118-119 [PDF p. 123-124], n. 185; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 146</ref> in the White House<ref>[http://www.ncix.gov/issues/CI_Reader/Vol3/Vol3Chap1.pdf "Cold War Counterintelligence," ''A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium'', Vol. 3, Chapter 1] (Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive) pp. 30-31 (PDF pp. 29-30); Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mVpWH51F7toC The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors]'' (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 167</ref> who tipped the Kremlin off in 1944 that the U.S. was on the verge of breaking the Soviet code),<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB]'' (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 130; Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/venona-soviet-espionage-and-the-american-response-1939-1957/preface.htm Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response]'' (Washington: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), pp. xiv, xxiv; FBI memo: Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, p. 9 ([http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf FBI file: Venona], p. 71)</ref> along with [[FDR]]'s personal emissary to [[Soviet]] dictator [[Josef Stalin]], [[Harry Hopkins]] (whom [[Iskhak Akhmerov]], [http://leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9706/reviews/buckley.html the leading] [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissVenona.html NKVD illegal] in the U.S.,<ref>Christopher M. Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SCIFAQAAIAAJ KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060166053, p. 286</ref> called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States," according to Oleg Gordievsky, the highest-ranking [[KGB]] agent ever to defect),<ref>Peter B. Niblo, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kksbT33Cb6wC Influence: The Soviet Task Leading to Pearl Harbor, the Iron Curtain, and the Cold War]'' (Oakland, Ore.: Elderberry Press, 2002) ISBN 1930859147, p. 65. In 2008, Gordievsky would become [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7333382.stm partially paralyzed], as a result, he told Scotland Yard, of what he suspected was an assassination attempt. The late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified [[Harry Hopkins|Hopkins]] as [[Venona project|Venona]]'s Soviet agent "19." Eduard Mark, “Venona’s Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage,” ''Intelligence and National Security'', Summer 1998</ref> and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[Harry Dexter White]], the "most important member of the [[Silvermaster group|Silvermaster network]] and the most highly placed asset the Soviets possessed in the American government."<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America] (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 258</ref>

He also visited the Washington headquarters of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]], which would be identified by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] as "a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives."<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225</ref> FBI surveillance recorded that Service then met with the [[Communist]]<ref>Philip Jaffe, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YTUPGQAACAAJ The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present]'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 1</ref> Philip Jaffe on April 19, 1945 at D.C.'s Statler Hotel, reporting: "Service, according to the microphone surveillance, apparently gave Jaffe a document which dealt with matters the Chinese had furnished to the United States government in confidence."<ref>Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, appendix, p. 2051</ref>

 

He also visited the Washington headquarters of the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]], which would be identified by the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] as "a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives."<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360610.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225</ref> FBI surveillance recorded that Service then met with the [[Communist]]<ref>Philip Jaffe, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YTUPGQAACAAJ The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present]'' (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 1</ref> [[Philip Jaffe]] on April 19, 1945 at D.C.'s Statler Hotel, reporting: "Service, according to the microphone surveillance, apparently gave Jaffe a document which dealt with matters the Chinese had furnished to the United States government in confidence."<ref>Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, appendix, p. 2051</ref>

 

After [[OSS]] and FBI investigators broke into in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'', finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential,"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref> Service was arrested as a suspect. FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] later wrote, "in the event I had been asked at the time the arrests were made whether I thought we had an airtight case, I would have stated that I thought we had. Further, if I were asked today, I would have to so state."<ref>FBI Director J. Edgar [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Hoover%20to%20Ford%20-%2005.4.50.pdf Hoover to Peyton Ford], Assistant to the Attorney General, re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al., Espionage, May 4, 1950 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)</ref>

After [[OSS]] and FBI investigators broke into in the offices of ''[[Amerasia]]'', finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential,"<ref>Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131</ref> Service was arrested as a suspect. FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] later wrote, "in the event I had been asked at the time the arrests were made whether I thought we had an airtight case, I would have stated that I thought we had. Further, if I were asked today, I would have to so state."<ref>FBI Director J. Edgar [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Hoover%20to%20Ford%20-%2005.4.50.pdf Hoover to Peyton Ford], Assistant to the Attorney General, re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al., Espionage, May 4, 1950 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)</ref>

The FBI surveillance logs in question recorded the Soviet agent Currie talking to [[Thomas Corcoran|"Tommy the Cork"]] about Service, telling him, "the important thing is to get him out"; Corcoran telling Service that he had informed Attorney General [[Tom Clark]] "about the understanding we had below about the cutting out of your name"; James McGranery, assistant to the Attorney General, telling Corcoran, "Your man is Service. I got it" (to which Corcoran replies, "Yeah. So that we can cut him out. OK?"); Service telling Corcoran that federal prosecutor Robert Hitchcock told his attorney "we want to have Service cleared"; Corcoran telling Service, "I have a flat deal like that you are going to be cleared"; etc. <ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf FBI recording summary], May 31, 1950: Philip Jacob Jaffe, June 10, 1945-April 19, 1946 (with cover memorandum, Ladd to Hoover, June 30, 1952)</ref> As [http://www.uic.edu/depts/hist/Faculty/Fried.html Richard M. Fried] admits, "Conservative suspicions of a high-level fix were correct."<ref>Richard M. Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pVatMuvNTsoC Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective] (Oxford University Press, 1991) ISBN 0195043618, p. 61</ref>

The FBI surveillance logs in question recorded the Soviet agent Currie talking to [[Thomas Corcoran|"Tommy the Cork"]] about Service, telling him, "the important thing is to get him out"; Corcoran telling Service that he had informed Attorney General [[Tom Clark]] "about the understanding we had below about the cutting out of your name"; James McGranery, assistant to the Attorney General, telling Corcoran, "Your man is Service. I got it" (to which Corcoran replies, "Yeah. So that we can cut him out. OK?"); Service telling Corcoran that federal prosecutor Robert Hitchcock told his attorney "we want to have Service cleared"; Corcoran telling Service, "I have a flat deal like that you are going to be cleared"; etc. <ref>[http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf FBI recording summary], May 31, 1950: Philip Jacob Jaffe, June 10, 1945-April 19, 1946 (with cover memorandum, Ladd to Hoover, June 30, 1952)</ref> As [http://www.uic.edu/depts/hist/Faculty/Fried.html Richard M. Fried] admits, "Conservative suspicions of a high-level fix were correct."<ref>Richard M. Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=pVatMuvNTsoC Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective] (Oxford University Press, 1991) ISBN 0195043618, p. 61</ref>

Service was accused by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of being a security and loyalty risk. Between the years of 1942 and 1945, Service submitted memos to the U.S. State Department supporting the [[Chinese Communist]]s and [[Mao]] and advocated that the U.S. destroy [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. According to Senator McCarthy, "Service was named by the U.S. Ambassador to China as one of the men who was serving the cause of Communism in China. He asked the President to remove Service. He said that this man's actions are not good for the United States, they are good for Russia. While in China, Service, in secret recommendations to the State Department, urged that the Communists were the only hope for China. On June 6, 1945, Service was arrested by the [[F.B.I.]] for, "having transmitted, without authority, classified documents to the editors of ''[[Amerasia]]'', a Communist magazine". Service had in effect turned over to a known Communist, not only State Department documents, but also secret military information. In December of 1951, Service was fired from the U.S. State Department, "as a result of an adverse finding as to his security qualifications by the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission." <ref>{{cite book

Service was accused by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of being a security and loyalty risk. Between the years of 1942 and 1945, Service submitted memos to the U.S. State Department supporting the [[Chinese Communist]]s and [[Mao]] and advocated that the U.S. destroy [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. According to Senator McCarthy, "Service was named by the U.S. Ambassador to China as one of the men who was serving the cause of Communism in China. He asked the President to remove Service. He said that this man's actions are not good for the United States, they are good for Russia. While in China, Service, in secret recommendations to the State Department, urged that the Communists were the only hope for China. On June 6, 1945, Service was arrested by the [[F.B.I.]] for, "having transmitted, without authority, classified documents to the editors of ''[[Amerasia]]'', a Communist magazine". Service had in effect turned over to a known Communist, not only State Department documents, but also secret military information. In December of 1951, Service was fired from the U.S. State Department, "as a result of an adverse finding as to his security qualifications by the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission." <ref>{{cite book

*[[Koji Ariyoshi]]

*[[Koji Ariyoshi]]

==References==

==References==