Changes

===Intellectuals===

===Intellectuals===

The Party had a small but influential following among intellectuals and artists, especially in New York City in the 1930s and early 1940s. In 1935 the Party leaders created the "League of American Writers," downplaying the Party connection and overtly Marxist dogmas in an attempt to attract liberal, middle-class writers of established stature; after several years as a prestigious and broadly based organization, however, the league broke into hostile factions of progressives and Communists over such international issues as the Moscow show trials and the Hitler-Stalin Pact.  

The Party had a small but influential following among intellectuals and artists, especially in New York City in the 1930s and early 1940s. In 1935 the Party leaders created the "[[League of American Writers]]," downplaying the Party connection and overtly Marxist dogmas in an attempt to attract liberal, middle-class writers of established stature; after several years as a prestigious and broadly based organization, however, the league broke into hostile factions of progressives and Communists over such international issues as the Moscow show trials and the Hitler-Stalin Pact.  

A bitter the conflict broke out between anti-Soviet liberals and  anti-Stalinist Marxists on one side, and pro-Soviet "progressives," a group that sympathized with the CPUSA in the People's Front during 1935-39.  The anti-Soviet faction, led in part by philosopher [[John Dewey]], had a solid grasp of Stalinism allowing the liberals, the anti-Stalinist Marxists, and the ex-Marxists like [[James Burnham]] and [[John Dos Passos]] to join forces.  The disillusionment of American independent Marxists with the Stalinist USSR grew rapidly after 1938.  They decided the party line of the CPUSA was lacking in "scientific morality," and became embittered by Stalin's purge trials. By 1940, they no longer distinguished between Stalin and Marxist Russia, but considered Marxism there a failed experiment. The anti-Stalinist views of such critics as [[Sidney Hook]], [[Max Eastman]], [[Whittaker Chambers]] and [[James Burnham]] grew into a rationale for Cold War anti-communism by the 1950s.<ref> See  Judy Kutulas, ''The Long War: The Intellectual People's Front and Anti-Stalinism'' (1995)</ref>

A bitter the conflict broke out between anti-Soviet liberals and  anti-Stalinist Marxists on one side, and pro-Soviet "progressives," a group that sympathized with the CPUSA in the People's Front during 1935-39.  The anti-Soviet faction, led in part by philosopher [[John Dewey]], had a solid grasp of Stalinism allowing the liberals, the anti-Stalinist Marxists, and the ex-Marxists like [[James Burnham]] and [[John Dos Passos]] to join forces.  The disillusionment of American independent Marxists with the Stalinist USSR grew rapidly after 1938.  They decided the party line of the CPUSA was lacking in "scientific morality," and became embittered by Stalin's purge trials. By 1940, they no longer distinguished between Stalin and Marxist Russia, but considered Marxism there a failed experiment. The anti-Stalinist views of such critics as [[Sidney Hook]], [[Max Eastman]], [[Whittaker Chambers]] and [[James Burnham]] grew into a rationale for Cold War anti-communism by the 1950s.<ref> See  Judy Kutulas, ''The Long War: The Intellectual People's Front and Anti-Stalinism'' (1995)</ref>

Most of the intellectual broke with the Party—usually in 1939 when Stalin made an alliance with Hitler.  The writers often wrote memoirs, including Howard Fast's ''The Naked God'' (1957), Richard Wright's ''American Hunger'' (1977), Elizabeth Bentley's ''Out of Bondage'' (1952), and --by far the most influential--Whittaker Chambers's ''Witness'' (1952). Typically the memoirs  show a common pattern of chronicling their authors' conversion to, disillusionment with, and repudiation of Communism, often followed by an overt effort to fight against the Communist movement. These memoirs also discuss the religious aspects of both joining and leaving the Communist Party, and their authors' subsequent roles as expert witnesses against Communism in court cases. Howard Fast's later memoir, ''Being Red'' (1990), differs from his earlier ones in that it builds upon the standard narratives common to ex-Communist memoirs to explore a larger view of the native tradition of American radicalism and its meaning for the author.

Most of the intellectual broke with the Party—usually in 1939 when Stalin made an alliance with Hitler.  The writers often wrote memoirs, including [[Howard Fast]]'s ''The Naked God'' (1957), [[Richard Wright]]'s ''American Hunger'' (1977), [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s ''Out of Bondage'' (1952), and --by far the most influential--Whittaker Chambers's ''Witness'' (1952). Typically the memoirs  show a common pattern of chronicling their authors' conversion to, disillusionment with, and repudiation of Communism, often followed by an overt effort to fight against the Communist movement. These memoirs also discuss the religious aspects of both joining and leaving the Communist Party, and their authors' subsequent roles as expert witnesses against Communism in court cases. Howard Fast's later memoir, ''Being Red'' (1990), differs from his earlier ones in that it builds upon the standard narratives common to ex-Communist memoirs to explore a larger view of the native tradition of American radicalism and its meaning for the author.

===Hollywood===

===Hollywood===