Changes

Women came to the fore in the Progressive era and proved their value as social workers. [[Jane Addams]] of Chicago was only the most prominent of many leaders.  The [[woman suffrage]] movement was a key part of Progressivism. It started in the west (with California giving the women the vote in 1912 after several smaller states), and moved east. It was opposed by ethnic machines in the northeast and traditionalists in the South, but finally became law by Constitutional amendment (the 19th) in August 1920.

Women came to the fore in the Progressive era and proved their value as social workers. [[Jane Addams]] of Chicago was only the most prominent of many leaders.  The [[woman suffrage]] movement was a key part of Progressivism. It started in the west (with California giving the women the vote in 1912 after several smaller states), and moved east. It was opposed by ethnic machines in the northeast and traditionalists in the South, but finally became law by Constitutional amendment (the 19th) in August 1920.

==Prohibiition==

==Prohibition==

Prohibition of the manufactuire and sale of alcohol was one of the main Progressive causes at the local, state and national level. It achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917, and the ratification by three-fourths of the states in 1919. It took effect in 1920, and was repealed in 1933.  Evangelical church groups, especially methodists and Baptists, were the main activists in favor of prohibition.  They were mobilized by the highly effective [[Anti-Saloon League]].

Prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcohol was one of the main Progressive causes at the local, state and national level. It achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917, and the ratification by three-fourths of the states in 1919. It took effect in 1920, and was repealed in 1933.  Evangelical church groups, especially methodists and Baptists, were the main activists in favor of prohibition.  They were mobilized by the highly effective [[Anti-Saloon League]].

==Constitutional change==

==Constitutional change==

==Progressive Politics==

==Progressive Politics==

Almost all major politicians declared their adherence to some progressive measures.  In politics the most prominent national figures were  Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Robert LaFollette]] and Democrats [[William Jennings Bryan]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]].  On the far left, the [[IWW]] ("Wobblies") opposed Progressivism because they wanted to destroy capitalism and progressivism wanted to strengthen it. The main labor unions, led by [[Samuel Gompers]] of the [[AFL]], were active sypporters of the progressive Movement, as were most businessmen.

Almost all major politicians declared their adherence to some progressive measures.  In politics the most prominent national figures were  Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Robert LaFollette]] and Democrats [[William Jennings Bryan]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]].  On the far left, the [[IWW]] ("Wobblies") opposed Progressivism because they wanted to destroy capitalism and progressivism wanted to strengthen it. The main labor unions, led by [[Samuel Gompers]] of the [[AFL]], were active supporters of the progressive Movement, as were most businessmen.

===Muckraking===

===Muckraking===

==Notable Progressive political leaders==

==Notable Progressive political leaders==

*[[Nelson Aldrich]], Rhode Island, on money issues

*[[Nelson Aldrich]], GOP Senator; Rhode Island, conservative leader; progressive on financial issues

*[[Albert J. Beveridge]], Indiana

*[[Albert J. Beveridge]], Senator; historian; Indiana

*[[William Jennings Bryan]], Nebraska

*[[William Jennings Bryan]], 3 times Presidential candidate for Democrats; Nebraska

*[[Herbert Hoover]], Washington  

*[[Herbert Hoover]], Government official; President; Washington  

*[[Charles Evans Hughes]], New York

*[[Charles Evans Hughes]], Governor, Presidential Candidate; Secty. of State; New York

*[[Hiram Johnson]], California

*[[Hiram Johnson]], Senator, California

*[[Tom L. Johnson]], Cleveland, OH

*[[Tom L. Johnson]], Mayor, Cleveland, OH

*[[Samuel M. Jones]], Toledo, OH

*[[Samuel M. Jones]], Mayor, Toledo, OH

*[[Robert LaFollette]], Wisconsin

*[[Robert LaFollette]], Governor, Senator, party boss, presidential candidate; Wisconsin

*[[Seth Low]], New York City

*[[Seth Low]], Mayor; New York City

*[[Frank Lowden]], Illinois

*[[Frank Lowden]], Governor; Illinois

*[[George Norris]], Nebraska

*[[George Norris]], House and Senate; Nebraska

*[[George W. Perkins]], New York City

*[[George W. Perkins]], New York City

*[[Gifford Pinchot]], Pennsylvania

*[[Gifford Pinchot]], Conservationist; Governor; Pennsylvania

*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], New York

*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Navy official; Governor; New York

*[[Theodore Roosevelt]], New York City  

*[[Theodore Roosevelt]], President; New York City  

*[[Al Smith]], New York City

*[[Al Smith]], Governor; Presidential candidate; New York City

*[[Henry Stimson]], New York City

*[[Henry Stimson]], Secretary of War; Secretary of State; New York City

*[[William Howard Taft]], Washington

*[[William Howard Taft]], President and Chief Justice; Washington

*[[William S. U'Ren]], Oregon

*[[William S. U'Ren]], Oregon

*[[Booker T. Washington]], Tuskeegee, AL

*[[Booker T. Washington]], Tuskeegee, AL; powerful leader of the black community

*[[William Allen White]], Emporia, Kansas

*[[William Allen White]], newspaper editor; Emporia, Kansas

*[[Woodrow Wilson]], Princeton NJ

*[[Woodrow Wilson]], political scientist; president; Princeton NJ

*[[Leonard Wood]], Washington

*[[Leonard Wood]], General; Washington

== Notable Progressive intellectuals, writers, advocates ==

== Notable Progressive intellectuals, writers, advocates ==

*[[Louis D. Brandeis]], lawyer, Supreme Court justice

*[[Louis D. Brandeis]], lawyer, Supreme Court justice

*[[Nicholas Murray Butler]], educator

*[[Nicholas Murray Butler]], educator

*[[John R. Commons]], economist

*[[John R. Commons]], economist

*[[Andrew Carnegie]], philanthropist

*[[Andrew Carnegie]], philanthropist

* Campbell, Ballard. "Economic Causes of Progressivism." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2005 4(1): 7-22   

* Campbell, Ballard. "Economic Causes of Progressivism." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2005 4(1): 7-22   

* Glad, Paul W.  "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]

* Glad, Paul W.  "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]

* Kolko, Gabriel. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), New left asttack on Progressive reforms as dictated by big business

* Kolko, Gabriel. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), New left attack on Progressive reforms as dictated by big business

* Kyle, Bruce and Chris Nyland; "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903-1923" ''Journal of Economic Issues'', Vol. 35, 2001  

* Kyle, Bruce and Chris Nyland; "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903-1923" ''Journal of Economic Issues'', Vol. 35, 2001  

* Mink, Gwendolyn. ''Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920'' (1986); unions tried to restrict immigration because it lowered wage levels

* Mink, Gwendolyn. ''Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920'' (1986); unions tried to restrict immigration because it lowered wage levels

===State and local, ethnic, gender===

===State and local, ethnic, gender===

* Abell, Aaron I. ''American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice, 1865-1950'' (1960),  

* Abell, Aaron I. ''American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice, 1865-1950'' (1960),  

* Buenker,  John D. ''Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform'' (1973). Urnban ethics promoted Progressivism (except they opposed prohibition and were cool to woman suffrage)

* Buenker,  John D. ''Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform'' (1973). Urban ethics promoted Progressivism (except they opposed prohibition and were cool to woman suffrage)

* Buenker,  John D. ''The Progressive Era, 1893-1914'' (1998), in the stronghold of Wisconsin

* Buenker,  John D. ''The Progressive Era, 1893-1914'' (1998), in the stronghold of Wisconsin

* Feffer, Andrew. ''The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism'' (1993), ideas of [[John Dewey]] and other philosophers

* Feffer, Andrew. ''The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism'' (1993), ideas of [[John Dewey]] and other philosophers