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[[Image:LouisBrandeis.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]

[[Image:LouisBrandeis.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]

'''Louis Dembitz Brandeis'''  (1856-1941) was a highly influential American lawyer and theorist of [[Antitrust]] during the [[Progressive Era]]. He was a leading liberal on the Supreme Court (1916-1939), a proponent of small business and an enemy of bigness, and a leader of the [[Zionism|Zionist]] movement to build up Israel.

'''Louis Dembitz Brandeis'''  (1856-1941) was a highly influential American lawyer and theorist of [[Antitrust]] during the [[Progressive Era]]. As an advisor to President [[Woodrow Wilson]], he was a driving force in the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the law establishing the Federal Trade Commission. Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1916, he was the leading liberal on the Court (1916-1939), a proponent of small business and an enemy of bigness, and a leader of the [[Zionism|Zionist]] movement to build up Israel.

He was a strong advocate of [[Natural Rights]] and freedom of speech. He graduating from Harvard Law School in 1877, were he co-wrote the famous article "The Right to Privacy," in 1890. <ref>http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Brandeis-Louis.html</ref> As a leading lawyer in [[Boston]] he supported the union movement, women's rights and an increase in the minimum wage; he fought monopolistic railroads. Brandeis advised President [[Woodrow Wilson]] on economic issues. In 1916 he was appointed to the [[United States]] Supreme Court, and was confirmed despitestrong conservative opposition. He served until 1939. Although a supporter of government intervention and some of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] he opposed bignesss and argued that the National Recovery Administration was unconstitutional. He is most famous for opposing big business and defining the right to privacy.  

He was a strong advocate of [[Natural Rights]] and freedom of speech. He graduating from Harvard Law School in 1877, were he co-wrote the famous article "The Right to Privacy," in 1890. <ref>http://www.notablebiographies.com/Br-Ca/Brandeis-Louis.html</ref> As a leading lawyer in [[Boston]] he supported the union movement, women's rights and an increase in the minimum wage; he fought monopolistic railroads. In 1916 he was appointed to the [[United States]] Supreme Court, and was confirmed despite strong conservative opposition. He served until 1939. Although a supporter of government intervention and some of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] he opposed bigness and argued that the National Recovery Administration was unconstitutional. He is most famous for opposing big business and defining the right to privacy.  

==Early career==

==Early career==

During the [[Great Depression]], when the Court, dominated by economic conservatives dubbed the "Four Horsemen", time and again declared innovative government measures unconstitutional, Brandeis urged his colleagues to lay aside what he regarded as their prejudices. Brandeis returned to the political arena during the New Deal years, when, behind the scenes, he orchestrated the small-business ideology of supporters like Felix Frankfurter. He kept his own values intact and generally supported the New Deal, voting against it only three times, most notably overthrowing the [[National Recovery Administration|NRA]], which violated Brandeis' hatred of what he called the "curse of bigness."<ref> Brandeis also wrote the opinion holding unconstitutional the Frazier-Lemke Act for the relief of farm debtors. Mason (1946) 619</ref>  

During the [[Great Depression]], when the Court, dominated by economic conservatives dubbed the "Four Horsemen", time and again declared innovative government measures unconstitutional, Brandeis urged his colleagues to lay aside what he regarded as their prejudices. Brandeis returned to the political arena during the New Deal years, when, behind the scenes, he orchestrated the small-business ideology of supporters like Felix Frankfurter. He kept his own values intact and generally supported the New Deal, voting against it only three times, most notably overthrowing the [[National Recovery Administration|NRA]], which violated Brandeis' hatred of what he called the "curse of bigness."<ref> Brandeis also wrote the opinion holding unconstitutional the Frazier-Lemke Act for the relief of farm debtors. Mason (1946) 619</ref>  

Behind the scenes Brandeis was a major advisor to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and a group of [[New Deal|New Dealers]], led by his protege [[Felix Frankfurter]], who had a specific reform agenda, such as opposition to big business, support for wages and hours legislation, and support for labor unions.  He helped design the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], which remains one of the two most important surviving New Deal agencies in the 21st century.  Whenever a possible conflict of interest arose, Brandeis would recuse himself from a Court decision.  

Behind the scenes Brandeis was a major advisor to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and a group of [[New Deal|New Dealers]], led by his protegé [[Felix Frankfurter]], who had a specific reform agenda, such as opposition to big business, support for wages and hours legislation, and support for labor unions.  He helped design the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], which remains one of the two most important surviving New Deal agencies in the 21st century.  Whenever a possible conflict of interest arose, Brandeis would recuse himself from a Court decision.  

Brandeis was one of the greatest legal craftsman ever to sit on the Court. One of his enduring contributions was the view that cases must be decided on the basis not only of legal precedents but also of social needs.

Brandeis was one of the greatest legal craftsman ever to sit on the Court. One of his enduring contributions was the view that cases must be decided on the basis not only of legal precedents but also of social needs.

* Strum, Philippa. ''Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People'' (1989)

* Strum, Philippa. ''Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People'' (1989)

* Strum, Philippa, ed. ''Brandeis: Beyond Progressivism'' (1995), selected letters, speeches, opinions of Brandeis [http://www.amazon.com/Brandeis-Beyond-Progressivism-Modern-Studies/dp/0700606874/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207954416&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Strum, Philippa, ed. ''Brandeis: Beyond Progressivism'' (1995), selected letters, speeches, opinions of Brandeis [http://www.amazon.com/Brandeis-Beyond-Progressivism-Modern-Studies/dp/0700606874/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207954416&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Urofsky, Melvin I. ''Louis D. Brandeis and the Progressive Tradition'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/14451090 online edition]

* Urofsky, Melvin I. ''Louis D. Brandeis and the Progressive Tradition'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/14451090 online edition], short biography

* Urofsky, Melvin I. "Louis D. Brandeis: Advocate Before and on the Bench." ''Journal of Supreme Court History'' (2005) 30(1): 31-46. Issn: 1059-4329 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Urofsky, Melvin I. "Louis D. Brandeis: Advocate Before and on the Bench." ''Journal of Supreme Court History'' (2005) 30(1): 31-46. Issn: 1059-4329 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]