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Johann Döllinger (1799-1890) was a leading German Catholic theologian and professor at the University of Munich. He rejected the doctrine of papal infallibility, warning it would  permanently alienate the Catholic Church from 'all thinking men'.  He was excommunicated by Rome and but refused to become the bishop of the breakaway "Old Catholic Church."

Johann Döllinger (1799-1890) was a leading German Catholic theologian and professor at the University of Munich. He rejected the doctrine of papal infallibility, warning it would  permanently alienate the Catholic Church from 'all thinking men'.  He was excommunicated by Rome and but refused to become the bishop of the breakaway "Old Catholic Church."

==Protestant attacks==

==Protestant protests==

British Prime Minister [[William E. Gladstone]] denounced the dogma of papal infallibility as a threat to the civil allegiance of Roman Catholics. His 'Expostulation' sparked a brief but intense controversy, notable for the personalities involved, such as Cardinals Newman and Manning and Lord Acton. While Catholics replied to Gladstone, he received almost no Protestant support. The controversy provided the last occasion for anti-Catholic agitation in England and marked the demise of anti-Catholicism as an overt political issue.<ref> Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875," ''Catholic Historical Review'' 1972 57(4): 593-605 </ref>  

British Prime Minister [[William E. Gladstone]] denounced the dogma of papal infallibility as a threat to the civil allegiance of Roman Catholics. His 'Expostulation' sparked a brief but intense controversy, notable for the personalities involved, such as Cardinals Newman and Manning and Lord Acton. While Catholics replied to Gladstone, he received almost no Protestant support. The controversy provided the last occasion for anti-Catholic agitation in England and marked the demise of anti-Catholicism as an overt political issue.<ref> Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875," ''Catholic Historical Review'' 1972 57(4): 593-605 </ref>  

The doctrine of papal infallibility has been a favorite target of American Protestants attacking the Catholic Church. Various arguments are articulated, with proof texts for papal infallibility being contended against.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CEMtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false John Harvey Treat, Johann Augustus Bolles, G. H. Houghton Butler, ''The Catholic faith, or, Doctrines of the Church of Rome contrary to scripture and the primitive church'', pp. 480ff]</ref><ref>[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/web/crj0185a.html What Think Ye of Rome? Part Four: The Catholic-Protestant Debate on Papal Infallibility], Christian Research Journal, Fall 1994, page 24</ref>  <ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Palm%20response.html White, ''A Response to David Palm's Article on Oral Tradition from This Rock Magazine, May, 1995'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Porvaz.htmlWhite, ''A Response to an Argument for Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/credenda.html White, ''Of Athanasius and Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Presbyters.html White, ''Exegetica: Roman Catholic Apologists Practice Eisegesis in Scripture and Patristics'']</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, p. 111</ref><ref>Peter De Rosa, ''Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy''</ref><ref>Harold O. J. Brown, ''Protest of a Troubled Protestant'', New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969; p. 122</ref> <ref>Williston Walker, ''A History of the Christian Church'', 3d ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970; p. 67</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, pp. 109-110</ref>

The doctrine of papal infallibility has been a opposed by target of American Protestants attacking the Catholic Church. Various arguments are articulated, with proof texts for papal infallibility being contended against.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CEMtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false John Harvey Treat, Johann Augustus Bolles, G. H. Houghton Butler, ''The Catholic faith, or, Doctrines of the Church of Rome contrary to scripture and the primitive church'', pp. 480ff]</ref><ref>[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/web/crj0185a.html What Think Ye of Rome? Part Four: The Catholic-Protestant Debate on Papal Infallibility], Christian Research Journal, Fall 1994, page 24</ref>  <ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Palm%20response.html White, ''A Response to David Palm's Article on Oral Tradition from This Rock Magazine, May, 1995'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Porvaz.htmlWhite, ''A Response to an Argument for Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/credenda.html White, ''Of Athanasius and Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Presbyters.html White, ''Exegetica: Roman Catholic Apologists Practice Eisegesis in Scripture and Patristics'']</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, p. 111</ref><ref>Peter De Rosa, ''Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy''</ref><ref>Harold O. J. Brown, ''Protest of a Troubled Protestant'', New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969; p. 122</ref> <ref>Williston Walker, ''A History of the Christian Church'', 3d ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970; p. 67</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, pp. 109-110</ref>

 

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Dulles, Avery Cardinal. ''Magisterium: Teacher and Guardian of the Faith'' (2007), by leading Catholic theologian

* Dulles, Avery Cardinal. ''Magisterium: Teacher and Guardian of the Faith'' (2007), by leading Catholic theologian