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→Strategic plans
Kentucky declared neutrality; despite this, the Confederates seized the city of Columbus in September 1861. Instead of the hoped-for switch of sides, opinion was turned against the Confederacy, and the state declared loyalty to the Union, despite a brief, alternate government set up by Confederate sympathizers and recognized by the Confederacy.
Kentucky declared neutrality; despite this, the Confederates seized the city of Columbus in September 1861. Instead of the hoped-for switch of sides, opinion was turned against the Confederacy, and the state declared loyalty to the Union, despite a brief, alternate government set up by Confederate sympathizers and recognized by the Confederacy.
===Bull Run===
On May 18, the Union opens fire on Confederate shore batteries at Sewall's Point, Virginia. Captain Elmer Ellsworth of the New York 11th Regiment becomes a martyr to the Union after he is shot after pulling down a Confederate flag from a hotel across the Potomac from Washington. Small Union regiments try without success to dislodge Confederate forces that have massed in the countryside around Manassas, Virginia, and in July a march by a large Union force under Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell was halted in the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] (or First Manassas). Confederate troops under the command of Generals Joseph E. Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard hold firm, as does the commander of a nearby regiment, Thomas J. Jackson; General Bernard Bee, in order to stop his own men from retreating, told his men to "look yonder. There is General Jackson standing like a stone wall!". Bee lost his life, but his men held firm, inspired by the image of a general who was given the nickname of "Stonewall". The Federals were soon forced to retreat, and an errant shell hitting an ammunition wagon turned the retreat into a rout as soldiers mixed with civilians who had come to observe a battle as though it was a picnic. Alarmed at the loss, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25, stateing that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
==References==
==References==