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→Johns Hopkins University: moved content to CP:Sinclair Lewis
===Johns Hopkins University===
===Johns Hopkins University===
As a result of his [[father]]'s [[death]], Alger [[inheritance|inherited]] $10,000,<ref>"...provided a $10,000 bequest to each of the Hiss children..." [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 9</ref> the equivalent of more than $200,000 today.<ref>[[#refBLS|BLS]]</ref> After graduation from [http://www.baltimorecitycollege.us/ Baltimore City College] and a year at [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/maritime/bra.htm Powder] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/ma/ma0800/ma0860/photos/075517pv.jpg Point] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3g00000/3g03000/3g03000/3g03096r.jpg Academy]<ref>In the 1920s, Powder Point School for Boys [http://www.duxburyhistory.org/king_caesar_house_history.htm merged] with [http://www.taboracademy.org/ Tabor Academy]</ref> (a private<ref>Porter Sargent, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lWvJDCYA4CUC A Handbook of American Private Schools]'' (Boston, Mass.: P. Sargent, 1920), p. 594</ref> [[prep school]]<ref>[[#refTHiss77|T. Hiss 1977]]: 32</ref> in [http://ia311331.us.archive.org/2/items/pilgrimtownofdux00plym/pilgrimtownofdux00plym_bw.pdf Duxbury], [[Massachusetts]]) and the Maryland Institute of Art,<ref>"1921-1922: Attended Powder Point Academy, Duxbury, Mass., and Maryland Institute of Art." ([[#refZeligs80|Zeligs papers]]) A visiting artist at the Maryland Institute of Art was [[#refMICA|John Sloan]], former editor ([[#refLoughery97|Loughery, 1997]]: 177) of the [[Communist]] ([[#refDilling77|Dilling 1977]]: 190) magazine ''[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masses_1914_John_Sloan.jpg The Masses]'', who would appear in 1930 as a signatory on a ''New York Times'' advertisement of the [http://home.gwu.edu/~cuff/wright/organizations/johnreedclub.html John Reed Club]. ([[#refDilling77|Dilling 1977]]: 180) In 1959, this institution would [[#refMICA|be renamed]] [http://www.mica.edu/ Maryland Institute, College of Art].</ref> Hiss attended [[Baltimore]]'s elite<ref>"Johns Hopkins was an elite university, both socially and academically." [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 9</ref> [http://jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins University],<ref>[[#refHUAC48|HUAC 1948]]: 644 (PDF 154). Hiss would not be the university's last link with covert pro-[[Communist]] activities. In 1939-53, [[Owen Lattimore]]—who, according to the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]], was "from some time beginning in the 1930's, a conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy" ([[#refIPR52|S. Rpt. 2050]]: 214-218 [PDF 222-226])—would be director of the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations at Hopkins; in 2009, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060502359_pf.html Walter Kendall Myers], a retired State Department official who for 20 years had been a faculty member at JHU's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, would be charged with [[espionage]] on behalf of [[Cuba]].</ref> where he was voted "[http://www.orwelltoday.com/hisstruman.jpg best hand-shaker]" in his class.<ref>[[#refRovere96|Rovere 1996]]: 156; ''[http://archives.newyorker.com/default.aspx?iid=18616&startpage=page0000103 The New Yorker]'', May 13, 1950; Evan Thomas, "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/103447 An American Melodrama]," ''Newsweek'', November 25, 1996</ref> As an [[undergraduate]], Hiss was drawn to the work of (among others) [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Maxwell Anderson]], "[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2805 card-carrying socialist]" Sinclair Lewis and [[Communist]]<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, pp. 348-350</ref> Theodore Dreiser<ref>[[#refSmith76|Smith 1976]]: 51-52</ref>—the latter two [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html famous atheists].
As a result of his [[father]]'s [[death]], Alger [[inheritance|inherited]] $10,000,<ref>"...provided a $10,000 bequest to each of the Hiss children..." [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 9</ref> the equivalent of more than $200,000 today.<ref>[[#refBLS|BLS]]</ref> After graduation from [http://www.baltimorecitycollege.us/ Baltimore City College] and a year at [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/maritime/bra.htm Powder] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/ma/ma0800/ma0860/photos/075517pv.jpg Point] [http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/cph/3g00000/3g03000/3g03000/3g03096r.jpg Academy]<ref>In the 1920s, Powder Point School for Boys [http://www.duxburyhistory.org/king_caesar_house_history.htm merged] with [http://www.taboracademy.org/ Tabor Academy]</ref> (a private<ref>Porter Sargent, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=lWvJDCYA4CUC A Handbook of American Private Schools]'' (Boston, Mass.: P. Sargent, 1920), p. 594</ref> [[prep school]]<ref>[[#refTHiss77|T. Hiss 1977]]: 32</ref> in [http://ia311331.us.archive.org/2/items/pilgrimtownofdux00plym/pilgrimtownofdux00plym_bw.pdf Duxbury], [[Massachusetts]]) and the Maryland Institute of Art,<ref>"1921-1922: Attended Powder Point Academy, Duxbury, Mass., and Maryland Institute of Art." ([[#refZeligs80|Zeligs papers]]) A visiting artist at the Maryland Institute of Art was [[#refMICA|John Sloan]], former editor ([[#refLoughery97|Loughery, 1997]]: 177) of the [[Communist]] ([[#refDilling77|Dilling 1977]]: 190) magazine ''[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masses_1914_John_Sloan.jpg The Masses]'', who would appear in 1930 as a signatory on a ''New York Times'' advertisement of the [http://home.gwu.edu/~cuff/wright/organizations/johnreedclub.html John Reed Club]. ([[#refDilling77|Dilling 1977]]: 180) In 1959, this institution would [[#refMICA|be renamed]] [http://www.mica.edu/ Maryland Institute, College of Art].</ref> Hiss attended [[Baltimore]]'s elite<ref>"Johns Hopkins was an elite university, both socially and academically." [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 9</ref> [http://jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins University],<ref>[[#refHUAC48|HUAC 1948]]: 644 (PDF 154). Hiss would not be the university's last link with covert pro-[[Communist]] activities. In 1939-53, [[Owen Lattimore]]—who, according to the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]], was "from some time beginning in the 1930's, a conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy" ([[#refIPR52|S. Rpt. 2050]]: 214-218 [PDF 222-226])—would be director of the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations at Hopkins; in 2009, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/05/AR2009060502359_pf.html Walter Kendall Myers], a retired State Department official who for 20 years had been a faculty member at JHU's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, would be charged with [[espionage]] on behalf of [[Cuba]].</ref> where he was voted "[http://www.orwelltoday.com/hisstruman.jpg best hand-shaker]" in his class.<ref>[[#refRovere96|Rovere 1996]]: 156; ''[http://archives.newyorker.com/default.aspx?iid=18616&startpage=page0000103 The New Yorker]'', May 13, 1950; Evan Thomas, "[http://www.newsweek.com/id/103447 An American Melodrama]," ''Newsweek'', November 25, 1996</ref> As an [[undergraduate]], Hiss was drawn to the work of (among others) [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Maxwell Anderson]], [[Sinclair Lewis]] and [[Communist]]<ref>Theodore Dreiser, "Request to Become a Communist," ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', July 30, 1945, reprinted in Albert Fried, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mLJbT3NMbN4C Communism in America: A History in Documents]'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) ISBN 0231102356, pp. 348-350</ref> Theodore Dreiser<ref>[[#refSmith76|Smith 1976]]: 51-52</ref>—the latter two [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881224,00.html famous atheists].
Hiss' favorite [[instructor|instructors]] included [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/30/obituaries/broadus-mitchell-95-professor-historian-and-hamilton-authority.html Broadus Mitchell], who, according to Hiss, was simply a "gifted" [[economics]] [[professor]] who happened to hold some "mildly Socialistic" views.<ref>"My gifted economics teacher, Broadus Mitchell, a Socialist.... his mildly Socialistic opinions ... made no impression on us." Alger Hiss, [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/liberalism.html Draft of a Chapter Written By Alger Hiss on the Foundations For His Liberalism] ([http://holliscatalog.harvard.edu//?itemid=|library%2fm%2faleph|010072878 Alger Hiss papers], Small Manuscript Collection, [http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/special/index.html Special Collections], [http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/index.html Harvard Law School Library])</ref> But Mitchell, according to the [[#refBarron01|personal Web site]] of Hiss' [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_206/alger1.gif son], Tony,<ref> After Hiss' son, a visiting scholar at New York University, originally set up the site on an NYU server, the university requested that he move it elsewhere "to designate it more clearly as a [[#refBarron01|personal site]] rather than an academic one." The Web site is run out of the [[#refNoah01|home]] of "Web master" Jeff Kisseloff, [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/jeff_kisseloff archivist] of ''The Nation'' magazine, and is [[#refAboutTony|funded]] by The Nation Institute, which is in turn [[#refDTN:TNI|funded]] by billionaire [http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/george-soros-backs-obama-but-hedges-his-bets/ Obama-booster] [[George Soros]]. Although the site is [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/images/logo2.gif blazoned] "Search for the Truth," [[#refAboutTony|buried]] within is the admission that its real purpose is to present only "the case for the defense," not both sides. University of Missouri-Kansas City law professor Douglas Linder warns that "the site maintains a [[#refLinderLinks|decidedly sympathetic]] view of Hiss." Cornell Law Library agrees, "The site has a [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html noticeable editorial bias] in favor of Hiss." ''New York Times Book Review'' editor Sam Tanenhaus concurs, "It's a [[#refNoah01|blatantly pro-Hiss]] operation whose agenda is to advocate his innocence." Then-Columbia University historian David Greenberg (now [http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~davidgr/ at Rutgers]) concluded, "I don't think anyone is going to treat this site as the repository of truth, except for those who have [[#refBarron01|already made up their minds]] that Hiss was innocent." Under the snarky headline “[http://sullivanarchives.theatlantic.com/index.php.dish_inc-archives.2001_03_01_dish_archive.html#2902598 FLAT EARTH WATCH],” ''Atlantic'' blogger Andrew Sullivan says the site is dedicated to “the greatest fantasy on the web”—“the proposition that Alger Hiss was innocent.”</ref> was actually a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/wars.html well-known socialist]. He served as [http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/WestCampus/SpecialCollections/sc_afc_broadus_mitchell.cfm candidate] for [[Governor]] of [[Maryland]] for the [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761370,00.html Socialist Party] (U.S. supporter of the [[Comintern]]),<ref>"The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International..." Document No. 7: "Minority Report Adopted by Overwhelming Party Vote on Referendum on Submission to the Emergency National Convention Held at Chicago, September, 1919," reprinted in Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York Investigating Seditious Activities, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq0XAAAAYAAJ Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics]'', Part I, Vol. I (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1920), p. 626</ref> and distinguished socialism from [[communism]] only in "[[strategy]] and [[procedure]]," not "essential [[theory]]."<ref>"[T]he difference between socialism and communism.... is not one of object, but of means of attainment of the object; it has to do with strategy and procedure, and not with essential theory." Broadus Mitchell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nB5BAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 A Preface to Economics]'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1932-34), p. 557. After Sidney Offit wrote an editorial in the Johns Hopkins campus newspaper defending Hiss and [[Owen Lattimore]], castigating students who merely "applauded daintily" for the latter, rather than taking to the streets, Mitchell, wrote Offit, "adopted me as his radical protégé-in-waiting." Later serving as a Reserve Officer in Army Intelligence at a time when [http://ia310819.us.archive.org/3/items/communistactivit60unit/communistactivit60unit_bw.pdf Communist couriers were infiltrating the US Merchant Marines], Offit wrote, "it was my job to interview prospective crewmen for merchant marine ships to be sure no advocates of [[Karl Marx]] were allowed aboard. Somehow or other I always found a reason to pass on these workingmen regardless of their flirtations with the 'forceful overthrow of the United States government.'" Sidney Offit, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KLgjrbu0LB8C Friends, Writers, and Other Countrymen: A Memoir]'' (Macmillan, 2008) ISBN 0312375220, pp. 13-14, 72</ref> Another favorite was [http://ead.library.jhu.edu/ms047.xml José Robles],<ref>[[#refRicher04|Richer 2004]]: 310 (PDF 4)</ref> a [[#refPowell06|committed Stalinist]] who would serve in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]]<ref>Jeffrey Meyers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cuM6RAO9DxUC Hemingway: A Biography]'' (Da Capo Press, 1999), ISBN 0306808900, p. 307; John P. Diggins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=inoVf72P4yIC Up from Communism]'' (Columbia University Press, 1994) ISBN 0231084889, p. 90</ref> in the [[#refPowell06|Red Army]] and [http://ducts.org/06_06/html/reviews/healy.html interpreter for] [[General]] [http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ Jānis] [http://milparade.udm.ru/25/096.htm Bērziņš]<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 156; James R. Mellow, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LQptupxaGwsC Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences]'' (Da Capo Press, 1993) ISBN 020162620, p. 506; cf. Victor Alba and Stephen Schwartz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=S0TLPvG_PwYC Spanish Marxism Versus Soviet Communism: A History of the P.O.U.M. in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2008) ISBN 1412807336, p. 233</ref> ([http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/danilov.pdf alias "Grishin"]),<ref>Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck, and Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Sevostianov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SmpOYJ24620C Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0300089813, p. 319</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, p. 380; Burnett Bolloten, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1991) ISBN 0807819069, pp. 307-308, 310, 312, 838 n. 11. Robles was [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all never seen again] (Soledad Fox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_ihsVRTP4C Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile: International Voice for the Spanish Republic]'' [Sussex Academic Press, 2007] ISBN 1845191668, pp. 68-73) after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]] (Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' [tr. George Shriver] [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989] ISBN 0231063504, p. 428) and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [[#refConquest91|Great Terror]] in 1938. (David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 [Winter, 1998], pp. 791-812) Robles had apparently been [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=28993 abducted and murdered] by a [[Communist]] "[[#refSchwartz88|special section]]," according to former [http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml fellow traveller] [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html John Dos Passos], because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]." Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272; cf. Josephine Herbst, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQJCSqS3EIqEywTTxshW&id=LgtiAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Starched Blue Sky of Spain: and Other Memoirs]'' (HarperCollins, 1991) ISBN 006016512X, pp. 150-167</ref> Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his [[home]],<ref>[[#refTHiss77|T. Hiss 1977]]: 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to join the forces<ref>[[#refSmith76|Smith 1976]]: 104</ref> characterized as "[[Stalin]]'s foreign legion."<ref>Herbert Romerstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D5koGQAACAAJ Heroic Victims: Stalin's Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Washington: Council for the Defense of Freedom, 1994) ISBN 9994812505. Using [[Moscow]]'s [[Comintern]] archives, Romerstein, [http://www.iwp.edu/faculty/facultyID.9/profile.asp chief of] the [http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/ U.S. Information Agency]'s Office to Counter Soviet [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v36/ai_3348685/ Disinformation] and [http://cicentre.com/disinformation.htm Active Measures] in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration, documents how American volunteers ([http://spectator.org/archives/2008/04/04/the-lefts-good-warriors mostly Communists]) were promised they were signing up for only a [http://www.iwp.edu/news/bookID.20/book_detail.asp seven-month hitch], only to be told later they were in for the duration; those who complained were [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n18_v46/ai_15844252/ imprisoned or shot] (and [http://www.campusreportonline.net/main/articles.php?id=2371 listed as casualties]). Supposedly formed to fight [[fascism]], in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] they largely [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor opposed Allied efforts] to resist the [[Nazi]]s.</ref>
Hiss' favorite [[instructor|instructors]] included [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/30/obituaries/broadus-mitchell-95-professor-historian-and-hamilton-authority.html Broadus Mitchell], who, according to Hiss, was simply a "gifted" [[economics]] [[professor]] who happened to hold some "mildly Socialistic" views.<ref>"My gifted economics teacher, Broadus Mitchell, a Socialist.... his mildly Socialistic opinions ... made no impression on us." Alger Hiss, [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/liberalism.html Draft of a Chapter Written By Alger Hiss on the Foundations For His Liberalism] ([http://holliscatalog.harvard.edu//?itemid=|library%2fm%2faleph|010072878 Alger Hiss papers], Small Manuscript Collection, [http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/special/index.html Special Collections], [http://www.law.harvard.edu/library/index.html Harvard Law School Library])</ref> But Mitchell, according to the [[#refBarron01|personal Web site]] of Hiss' [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_206/alger1.gif son], Tony,<ref> After Hiss' son, a visiting scholar at New York University, originally set up the site on an NYU server, the university requested that he move it elsewhere "to designate it more clearly as a [[#refBarron01|personal site]] rather than an academic one." The Web site is run out of the [[#refNoah01|home]] of "Web master" Jeff Kisseloff, [http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/jeff_kisseloff archivist] of ''The Nation'' magazine, and is [[#refAboutTony|funded]] by The Nation Institute, which is in turn [[#refDTN:TNI|funded]] by billionaire [http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/george-soros-backs-obama-but-hedges-his-bets/ Obama-booster] [[George Soros]]. Although the site is [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/images/logo2.gif blazoned] "Search for the Truth," [[#refAboutTony|buried]] within is the admission that its real purpose is to present only "the case for the defense," not both sides. University of Missouri-Kansas City law professor Douglas Linder warns that "the site maintains a [[#refLinderLinks|decidedly sympathetic]] view of Hiss." Cornell Law Library agrees, "The site has a [http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/insiteasp/archive/insite277.html noticeable editorial bias] in favor of Hiss." ''New York Times Book Review'' editor Sam Tanenhaus concurs, "It's a [[#refNoah01|blatantly pro-Hiss]] operation whose agenda is to advocate his innocence." Then-Columbia University historian David Greenberg (now [http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~davidgr/ at Rutgers]) concluded, "I don't think anyone is going to treat this site as the repository of truth, except for those who have [[#refBarron01|already made up their minds]] that Hiss was innocent." Under the snarky headline “[http://sullivanarchives.theatlantic.com/index.php.dish_inc-archives.2001_03_01_dish_archive.html#2902598 FLAT EARTH WATCH],” ''Atlantic'' blogger Andrew Sullivan says the site is dedicated to “the greatest fantasy on the web”—“the proposition that Alger Hiss was innocent.”</ref> was actually a [http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/wars.html well-known socialist]. He served as [http://www.hofstra.edu/Libraries/WestCampus/SpecialCollections/sc_afc_broadus_mitchell.cfm candidate] for [[Governor]] of [[Maryland]] for the [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,761370,00.html Socialist Party] (U.S. supporter of the [[Comintern]]),<ref>"The Socialist Party of the United States, therefore, declares itself in support of the Third (Moscow) International..." Document No. 7: "Minority Report Adopted by Overwhelming Party Vote on Referendum on Submission to the Emergency National Convention Held at Chicago, September, 1919," reprinted in Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York Investigating Seditious Activities, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq0XAAAAYAAJ Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics]'', Part I, Vol. I (Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1920), p. 626</ref> and distinguished socialism from [[communism]] only in "[[strategy]] and [[procedure]]," not "essential [[theory]]."<ref>"[T]he difference between socialism and communism.... is not one of object, but of means of attainment of the object; it has to do with strategy and procedure, and not with essential theory." Broadus Mitchell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nB5BAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 A Preface to Economics]'' (Henry Holt & Co., 1932-34), p. 557. After Sidney Offit wrote an editorial in the Johns Hopkins campus newspaper defending Hiss and [[Owen Lattimore]], castigating students who merely "applauded daintily" for the latter, rather than taking to the streets, Mitchell, wrote Offit, "adopted me as his radical protégé-in-waiting." Later serving as a Reserve Officer in Army Intelligence at a time when [http://ia310819.us.archive.org/3/items/communistactivit60unit/communistactivit60unit_bw.pdf Communist couriers were infiltrating the US Merchant Marines], Offit wrote, "it was my job to interview prospective crewmen for merchant marine ships to be sure no advocates of [[Karl Marx]] were allowed aboard. Somehow or other I always found a reason to pass on these workingmen regardless of their flirtations with the 'forceful overthrow of the United States government.'" Sidney Offit, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=KLgjrbu0LB8C Friends, Writers, and Other Countrymen: A Memoir]'' (Macmillan, 2008) ISBN 0312375220, pp. 13-14, 72</ref> Another favorite was [http://ead.library.jhu.edu/ms047.xml José Robles],<ref>[[#refRicher04|Richer 2004]]: 310 (PDF 4)</ref> a [[#refPowell06|committed Stalinist]] who would serve in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]]<ref>Jeffrey Meyers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cuM6RAO9DxUC Hemingway: A Biography]'' (Da Capo Press, 1999), ISBN 0306808900, p. 307; John P. Diggins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=inoVf72P4yIC Up from Communism]'' (Columbia University Press, 1994) ISBN 0231084889, p. 90</ref> in the [[#refPowell06|Red Army]] and [http://ducts.org/06_06/html/reviews/healy.html interpreter for] [[General]] [http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ Jānis] [http://milparade.udm.ru/25/096.htm Bērziņš]<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 156; James R. Mellow, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LQptupxaGwsC Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences]'' (Da Capo Press, 1993) ISBN 020162620, p. 506; cf. Victor Alba and Stephen Schwartz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=S0TLPvG_PwYC Spanish Marxism Versus Soviet Communism: A History of the P.O.U.M. in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2008) ISBN 1412807336, p. 233</ref> ([http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/danilov.pdf alias "Grishin"]),<ref>Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck, and Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Sevostianov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SmpOYJ24620C Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0300089813, p. 319</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, p. 380; Burnett Bolloten, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1991) ISBN 0807819069, pp. 307-308, 310, 312, 838 n. 11. Robles was [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all never seen again] (Soledad Fox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_ihsVRTP4C Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile: International Voice for the Spanish Republic]'' [Sussex Academic Press, 2007] ISBN 1845191668, pp. 68-73) after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]] (Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' [tr. George Shriver] [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989] ISBN 0231063504, p. 428) and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [[#refConquest91|Great Terror]] in 1938. (David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 [Winter, 1998], pp. 791-812) Robles had apparently been [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=28993 abducted and murdered] by a [[Communist]] "[[#refSchwartz88|special section]]," according to former [http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml fellow traveller] [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html John Dos Passos], because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]." Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272; cf. Josephine Herbst, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQJCSqS3EIqEywTTxshW&id=LgtiAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Starched Blue Sky of Spain: and Other Memoirs]'' (HarperCollins, 1991) ISBN 006016512X, pp. 150-167</ref> Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his [[home]],<ref>[[#refTHiss77|T. Hiss 1977]]: 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to join the forces<ref>[[#refSmith76|Smith 1976]]: 104</ref> characterized as "[[Stalin]]'s foreign legion."<ref>Herbert Romerstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D5koGQAACAAJ Heroic Victims: Stalin's Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Washington: Council for the Defense of Freedom, 1994) ISBN 9994812505. Using [[Moscow]]'s [[Comintern]] archives, Romerstein, [http://www.iwp.edu/faculty/facultyID.9/profile.asp chief of] the [http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/ U.S. Information Agency]'s Office to Counter Soviet [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v36/ai_3348685/ Disinformation] and [http://cicentre.com/disinformation.htm Active Measures] in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration, documents how American volunteers ([http://spectator.org/archives/2008/04/04/the-lefts-good-warriors mostly Communists]) were promised they were signing up for only a [http://www.iwp.edu/news/bookID.20/book_detail.asp seven-month hitch], only to be told later they were in for the duration; those who complained were [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n18_v46/ai_15844252/ imprisoned or shot] (and [http://www.campusreportonline.net/main/articles.php?id=2371 listed as casualties]). Supposedly formed to fight [[fascism]], in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] they largely [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor opposed Allied efforts] to resist the [[Nazi]]s.</ref>