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→The Secession
==The Secession==
==The Secession==
By December of 1860, both houses of Congress are working on proposals for compromises that would postpone the split they knew was coming. John J. Crittenden of the Senate committee introduces a proposal that would restore the Missouri Compromise by extending the northern boundary line across the continent to the Pacific, intending that it would last for all time. Crittenden's proposal, as well as the others, came down to a vote, but events indicated it was too late. Most of President Buchanan's cabinent, long angered at him (and his predecessor, Democrat Franklin Pierce) for not standing up to Southern demands which were tearing the country apart, walked out in protest; the latest outrage occurred when a delegation from South Carolina arrived at the White House and demanded the removal of Federal troops from the state. Buchanan rejects it. South Carolina holds a convention on secession. And President-elect Lincoln, although trying to be careful regarding the slavery issue, is insistent that slavery not be expanded into the territories. (Bowen, pg. 41)
By December of 1860, both houses of Congress are working on proposals for compromises that would postpone the split they knew was coming. John J. Crittenden of the Senate committee introduced a proposal that would restore the Missouri Compromise by extending the northern boundary line across the continent to the Pacific, intending that it would last for all time. Crittenden's proposal, as well as the others, came down to a vote, but events would prove it was too late. Most of President Buchanan's cabinent, long angered at him (and his predecessor, Democrat Franklin Pierce) for not standing up to Southern demands which were tearing the country apart, walked out in protest; the latest outrage occurred when a delegation from South Carolina arrived at the White House and demanded the removal of Federal troops from the state (Buchanan rejects it). South Carolina holds a convention on secession. And President-elect Lincoln, although trying to be careful regarding the slavery issue, is insistent that slavery not be expanded into the territories. (Bowen, pg. 41)
[[Image:CMercury.GIF|thumb|150px|left|The Charleston ''Mercury'' newspaper printed this special broadside edition on December 20, 1860, just as news reached the editors that the state government withdrew from the Union.]]
[[Image:CMercury.GIF|thumb|150px|left|The Charleston ''Mercury'' newspaper printed this special broadside edition on December 20, 1860, just as news reached the editors that the state government withdrew from the Union.]]
[[image:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.]]
[[image:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.]]
On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina government votes to secede from the Union. Within days they begin war preparations, and seize Federal property. By the end of the month Major Robert Anderson removes the force stationed at Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor and places it within the walls of nearby Fort Sumter, as it is considered more defensible. Aware of this, President Buchanan orders reenforcements sent, and USS ''Brooklyn'' is readied for that purpose in Norfolk; she would be replaced days later by General [[Winfield Scott]]'s preference for a non-Naval supply ship, ''Star of the West''.
On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina government votes to secede from the Union. Within days they begin war preparations, and seize Federal property. By the end of the month Major Robert Anderson spiked the cannon and removed the force stationed at Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor; nearby Fort Sumter is considered more defensible, and he places the force there. Aware of Anderson's condition, President Buchanan orders reenforcements sent, and USS ''Brooklyn'' is readied for that purpose in Norfolk; she would be replaced days later by General [[Winfield Scott]]'s preference for a non-Naval supply ship, ''Star of the West''.
On January 6, 1861, Florida troops take the Federal arsenal at Appalatchicola. The next day, Fort Marion at St. Augustine is seized. On the 9th, the ''Star of the West'' would be fired upon as she neared Charleston, causing her to turn around and head back to Norfolk. That same day public celebrations erupt in Mississippi as the state legislature votes 84-15 to secede.
On January 6, 1861, Florida troops take the Federal arsenal at Appalatchicola. The next day, Fort Marion at St. Augustine is seized. On the 9th, the ''Star of the West'' would be fired upon as she neared Charleston, causing her to turn around and head back to Norfolk. That same day public celebrations erupt in Mississippi as the state legislature votes 84-15 to secede.
*February 1, Texas votes 166-7 to secede.
*February 1, Texas votes 166-7 to secede.
On February 4th, a provisional congress assembles in Montgomery, Alabama, and draws up a constitution by the end of the week; this document is similar to the U.S. Constitution, but with slavery protections and states' rights added in. The plans call for "A Confederacy of the States which have seceded from the Federal Union." A surprised Jefferson Davis learns he has been elected provisional president of the newly-formed [[Confederate States of America]].
On February 4th, a peace convention meets in Washington, headed by former President John Tyler. The 131 members from 21 states (none from the South) work out a last, desperate compromise to save the Union, which goes nowhere. Speaking to the delegates, Tyler implores that "the eyes of the whole country are turned to this assembly, in expectation and hope."
In Montgomery, Alabama, a provisional congress assembles and draws up a constitution by the end of the week; this document is essentially the United States Constitution, but mildly-altered to include provisions for states' rights and protection for slavery:
*''The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same. Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of, or territory not belonging to, this Confederacy.''
*''The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves, shall be passed.'' (Article 1, section IX)[http://www.civilwarhome.com/csconstitution.htm]
On February 9, a surprised Jefferson Davis learns he has been elected provisional president of the newly-formed [[Confederate States of America]]; his vice-president is Alexander Stephens of Georgia. The two are considered moderate enough to please the legislatures of the remaining Southern states which have not yet seceded.
===Fort Sumter===
===Fort Sumter===